In judicial practice, a forensic examination of documents is often appointed. This is an effective means to establish the circumstances of the case. We will learn from this article what this research is and what types it has.
Tasks
The forensic examination of documents solves a number of problems, which include the following:
- Establishment of a manufacturing method.
- Determining the fact and method of making changes to the documentation.
- Restore original content.
- Identification of the means used in the manufacture.
- Recreating the whole in parts.
Expert
The forensic scientist who conducts the forensic examination of documents is one of the very first specialties in the expert field. To this day, it is extremely in demand in the framework of arbitration, civil and criminal proceedings. Despite the large number of graduates in universities, it continues to be relevant. Choosing this area, a person receives an unusually creative specialty, which requires higher education, remarkable experience and professional intuition.
Organization
The state or non-governmental institution where the forensic examination of documents is carried out has in its staff qualified specialists, all the necessary modern equipment and permits for carrying out activities. In addition to courts, research is ordered by banking institutions, bar associations, enterprises and organizations of various forms of ownership, ordinary citizens.
Any, including forensic examination of documents - an extremely effective way to protect their legal rights and interests. Therefore, when doubts arise in their reliability, they request a professional study.
Appointment
Often, for a study to be conducted, a single application is not enough. The court refuses the procedure if it is proposed, for example, orally. Therefore, it is worth thoroughly preparing for this step. In addition to the application, they receive a document from the expert organization on its consent to conduct the examination and attach it to the papers for submission to the court. The forensic expert clarifies:
- the time frame for conducting the study;
- will report the final cost;
- information about yourself and other experts, if they are involved, work experience, education, academic degrees and titles.
Requirements
The appointment of a forensic examination is carried out by the decision of the investigator or the determination of the arbitration, district or world court. A research document is also provided.
If an out-of-court examination is carried out, then the necessary documents and grounds are:
- lawyer's request;
- research agreement;
- document that is being examined.
Objects of study
We list the objects under investigation when a forensic examination of documents is assigned.
- Papers in which any information or facts are stated. Photos cannot be the subject of research in this case.
- Materials and products from them that are used for manufacturing.
- Technical means that were used to create requisites on documents, as well as finishes and booklets.
- Chemicals for data modification.
- Subjects that are not related to documents, but are studied by these methods.
- Paper and cardboard products needed for wrapping, sanitary, industrial, technical, household purposes.
Details and records
Forensic expertise distinguishes 2 types of research documents:
The former refers to graphic images in the form of printed texts by the printing method or on typographic devices, hand-written, signatures, stamps and imprints of seals, etc. The second refers to the materials of the letter, the basics of the document and auxiliary means.
If the task of checking details is set, then it includes:
- handwriting research;
- definition of the method and details of recording;
- the fact of making changes by cleaning, adding, etching, painting on top and so on.
As for the records, then they determine the sequence of strokes. Moreover, depending on various research methods, they have features. Then the method of application, the type and model of the equipment used, installation, paper belonging to a specific notebook and so on is established.
Types of forensic examinations
There are several types of this study.
- Handwriting examination.
- Linguistic.
- Authorship.
- Forensic technology.
Consider each of these species in brief separately.
Handwriting Expertise
This is a traditional kind of research to establish facts related to manuscripts. The documents here are:
- receipts;
- waybills;
- instructions;
- wills;
- evidence
- statements;
- contracts
- other things.
A signature, a short record, or text can be examined. Having studied the set of signs of handwriting , they solve problems of a diagnostic and identification nature. During the examination, they check whether the manuscript has been made with a specially distorted look, a change of hand, imitation of someone else's handwriting, in an unusual posture or condition, and the like.
Linguistic expertise
Forensic linguistic examinations are also included in types of forensic examinations. Its subject is facts relevant to the case and established in the analysis of speech.
The object of study is the products of speech activity, which are recorded in writing.
Unlike handwriting examination, in this case they are evaluated by the source, method of expression and the nature of the impact on the audience or directly to the addressee. An objective assessment here is based on the norms of the Russian language.
The study is based on linguistic analysis. Therefore, an expert must, first of all, have a philological education. During the examination, the following information is analyzed:
- features of the text regarding disclosure of authorship;
- identification of meanings and impact using text;
- names of products of human activity.
Autoregressive examination
The basis of this type of research is a system of knowledge about the laws of speech behavior, which shows individuality, stability, and variations of written speech. In this case, knowledge of linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics and psychology is applied.
Subject of research - authorship, which is established. In addition to determining the face, the specialist creates a “psychological” portrait of the author and those external influences in which the document is compiled.
Object of study - written text. At the same time, a style is established: journalistic, scientific, everyday, literary and so on. There are handwritten objects obtained by the printing method or using a duplicating machine. It is noteworthy that authorship is determined only if the document has at least 500 words.
Forensic technical expertise
This study refers to those species in which manufacturing methods are established, fakes are identified, group affiliation and source of origin are established.
The subject of the study is the facts in which the paper was executed, the means and materials of manufacture were identified. To answer the questions of technical and forensic examination of documents, the expert should have special knowledge in the field of physics, chemistry, technology and its forensic part.
The objects of research include handwritten and typewritten papers and their materials, writing tools, and means for etching the text.
Forensic examination of a car
This type of research does not apply to documents. But it is so in demand that the examination of cars cannot be ignored. There are many accidents everywhere on the roads. Automotive forensic examination of the car helps to identify the true cause of the accident. It is also advisable to carry it out before buying a used car. Then you can be sure that she is not stolen and has no broken numbers.