In dialectics there are a number of laws that concretize and supplement its basic laws. They are expressed in categories. Laws and categories of dialectics exist in the philosophical system, where its content is determined. The most important, basic and essential concepts in a particular scientific discipline are called categories. The priority of the discovery of dialectical laws and the formation of categories belongs to the German philosopher G. Hegel.
Such categories of dialectics as “essence and phenomenon” reflect the general forms of the surrounding objective world and its study by man. An entity is the internal (implicit) content of an object, which is expressed in the unity of all diverse and contradictory forms of its existence, and a phenomenon is external (explicit) forms of its existence, the detection (manifestation) of this object. The categories of “essence and phenomenon” in human thinking mean a transition from the diversity of existing forms of an object to its internal essence.
“Form and content” are the categories of dialectics, where content is the defining side of the whole and represents the unity of the properties of an object, its internal processes, interconnections of elements, and form is a way of existence and manifestation of content.
“Necessity and chance” is another pair of dialectic categories that specify the understanding of the nature of the dependence of the phenomenon, expressing different types of connections, the degree of determination of the phenomenon. Randomness is a reflection, for the most part, of external, insignificant, individual manifestations of reality, and necessity is characterized by a logical connection of internal, stable, repeating relationships and relationships of reality.
“Cause and effect” are categories of dialectics that reflect the universal form of communication and interaction of phenomena. A cause is a phenomenon that determines, determines, conditions another phenomenon, which is called a consequence. The consequence that is produced by the cause depends on certain conditions. One reason under different conditions can cause different consequences. The difference between cause and condition is relative. Every condition in some respects can be a cause, and reason in a certain respect can be a condition. Cause and effect are in dialectical unity: the same causes under the same conditions cause the same consequences.
“Opportunity and reality” are two more categories of dialectics that reflect the stages of development of any subject or phenomenon in society, nature and man. Speaking about the possibility as a dialectical category, it must be borne in mind that this is a real trend in the evolution of a phenomenon or object, which can arise on the basis of any regularity of the evolution of the object and determines it. By reality, we mean the objectively existing unity of the regular relationship of the evolution of phenomena or objects.
The following dialectical categories that we will consider are “singular, special, and universal.” By unit we mean a concrete body, a thing limited in time and space, a thing or a system of things of a certain quality. Under the special - the dialectic category, which expresses a real object or phenomenon in the correlation of its opposite moments - single and universal. The special, as a rule, is considered as something that mediates the relationship between the individual and the universal. By the category of universal we mean the reflection of the objective unity of the various phenomena of nature and society in the minds of man.
Thus, in this article we examined the main categories of dialectics.