Consider the objects of accounting in more detail. So the property of the enterprise is divided into two large groups:
1. Non-current assets
- Fixed assets
- Intangible assets
- Construction in progress
- Long-term financial investments
2. Current assets
- Inventories (raw materials, semi-finished products, packaging)
- Finished products
- Cash
- Short-term financial investments
The main means of the organization include buildings, equipment, cars and trucks, office equipment and furniture, tools. All fixed assets are divided into own and leased. Separately, current, reserve, reconstruction and inactive fixed assets are taken into account. This also includes capital investments in land improvement, for example, such as irrigation, drainage works.
Intangible assets include patents, inventions, rights to use land, water, software, trademarks.
Construction in progress includes the costs of overhaul, equipment reconstruction, exploration, construction and installation works and equipment, according to the estimates for capital construction.
Long-term financial investments as accounting objects provide for the purchase of shares and bonds on a long-term basis, participation in the share of the authorized capital of other organizations, or the issuance of loans against debt obligations.
Current assets are divided into material and financial. Under tangible current assets understand the goods and finished products of the enterprise, raw materials, containers and components that are involved in only one production cycle.
Cash is recorded at the cash desk of the organization, on settlement accounts, in securities. Cash on term deposits and in government bonds, as well as receivables for goods and services and the amount of accountable persons of the enterprise are considered as accounting objects.
Financial obligations include advance payments, receivables of buyers for shipped products, and accountable amounts of employees.
All business processes that occur at the enterprise - the procurement, production, sale of products, consist of separate operations, which are always taken into account, like other objects of accounting and executed using primary documents. When the goods are shipped, an invoice and an invoice are issued, upon receipt of the goods at the warehouse, a warehouse receipt order is filled in, transportation costs are made out by a payment order through the bank.
So the subject and objects of accounting are closely interconnected. The subject just consists of several accounting objects, interconnected. If each accounting object is only part of the economic activity of the enterprise, then the organization’s activity as a whole is the subject of accounting.
In accounting, there are several tricks and methods that study objects. The totality of all the techniques and methods of accounting for objects of the enterprise is a method of accounting in accounting. The main accounting methods include:
- Registration of primary documentation
- Taking inventories
- Drawing up the balance sheet, financial results
- Costing
- Valuation of property and obligations of the organization
- Double entry of business transactions on debit and credit in equal amounts
Regulatory acts, instructions, tax and civil codes are provided to assist the accountant. Each organization independently reflects in its accounting policy both the subject and method of accounting, which is guided in daily business activities. Each organization keeps its accounting records from the beginning of registration until the complete liquidation of the enterprise.