In a complex science called philosophy, there are various methods of cognition and study, as well as a large number of theories. One of the most common is the theory of dialectics, or, according to a scientific definition, the theory of the development of all things in the world and the philosophical method based on it. Using dialectics, scientists can theoretically study various aspects of reality (matter, spirit, consciousness and cognition), as well as their development. Dialectics in philosophy shows the reflection of this process through its own (dialectic) laws, categories and principles - in contrast to metaphysics, which studies a specific subject at a particular moment in time and in a specific state.
Experts note that the main problem of this theory can be formulated as follows: "What is development?" Dialectics answers - development refers to one of the most important signs of matter and its general property. Moreover, and this is very important, we have in mind the development not only mechanical (increase in size), but also intellectual, implying the transition of matter to the next stage of organization. Dialectics in philosophy also denotes development as a kind of movement, but it clarifies that without this movement development is not possible. Dialectics operates in accordance with several laws, that is, certain objective laws that are independent of a person and his will, repeating connections between all entities of reality and within these entities. These laws are general, necessary and stable, covering all spheres of reality and revealing the foundations of the interconnections of movement and development in their very deepest sphere. As for metaphysics, it does not in any way affect development (like its laws).
Dialectics in philosophy is guided primarily by the law of unity and struggle of opposites, the meaning of which is that in reality, everything that exists is a unity of opposite principles, which are in constant struggle. The most striking example of the effect of the dialectic law is day and night, youth and old age, winter and summer, and this means not only the unity and struggle of the data began, but also their constant internal movement and development. The second law of dialectics is the transition to qualitative changes in quantitative changes. First of all, it should be noted that the concept of quality means the existence of a stable system of certain relationships and characteristics of the subject, while quantity is certain parameters of the subject, for example, its size and weight, size and volume. Unlike metaphysics, dialectics in philosophy argues that in reality there is the possibility of a change in quality with quantitative changes. An example of the effect of this law is the heating of water, when an increase in quantitative parameters (temperature) gradually leads to a change in the qualitative parameter of water (it will become hot). As for the law of negation of negation, its essence lies in a simple definition: everything new that comes in the place of the old denies this old, but gradually becomes the subject of denial of an even newer one. Examples of the operation of this law are generational change, the daily process of the death of body cells and the formation of new ones.
Some scholars believe that dialectics is an important part on which the structure and functions of philosophy are based . Its basic principles are the principles of universal communication, systemicity and causality, as well as the principle of historicism. From the point of view of both dialectics and philosophy, universal connection is the integrity of the world, its internal unity and interconnectedness. In addition, this is necessarily the interdependence of all components of the surrounding world and reality, that is, all objects, phenomena and processes. If we talk about causality, then this point for the whole philosophy, and exclusively for dialectics means the presence of links, one, passing one into another, such where one generates the other and complements it. It can be noted that dialectics and metaphysics in philosophy are two halves of one large process of research.