Mining is a cavity that has formed in a mountain massif after the extraction of minerals and rocks from it.
Depending on the purpose, the work with the rock is divided into types.
Process description
Underground mining is characterized in that its cross section has a vicious circle, regardless of whether there is a direct exit to the surface. In addition to underground work, those are carried out that are carried out on the ground. Open pit mining has an open cross-sectional contour.
With the underground method of work, it can be:
- mining exploration;
- mining capital;
- mining preparatory;
- rifled;
- mortgage;
- sewage treatment plant.
Mining, depending on the purpose, is exploratory and operational. The first is used to explore and search for new deposits, the second - to develop deposits in order to extract mineral resources from the bowels. Maintenance work is divided into revealing, preparing and treatment.
Revealing mining is designed to open a mine and create access to minerals.
The preparatory work is preparing for the development of a mine field, and in the process of purification from ore minerals are freed.
The type of rock determines whether the formation will be field or field. The first is conducted along the reservoir, the second - along waste rocks.
Mining can be extended and volumetric, which is determined by the ratio between the longitudinal section and the cross-sectional area of the processed rock. Extended, in addition, are horizontal, inclined and vertical.
Open pit mining is divided into trenches, ditches, wells, and ramps.
Transverse section
The cross-sectional shape in the horizontal method depends on the properties of the rocks and their condition, direction and strength of rock pressure, duration of service and construction of the mount.
A vaulted cross-sectional shape is attached to a workout that is not attached, since it is close to the shape of a natural arch.
If there is no lateral pressure of the rocks, a rectangular cross-sectional shape is used. In this case, the mine is fastened with a wooden, mixed or rod mount.
The trapezoidal shape withstands both vertical and lateral pressure. The mount is made of wood, precast concrete and metal.
The cross section can also be round, vaulted and arched.
The vaulted form is used for concrete and stone fastening.
Arched fastening is used with vertical and lateral rock pressure. In this case, the development is strengthened by various metal arches.
With all-round pressure, a round sectional shape is best suited. Carbon wells may not be fixed at all. An ellipsoidal section is used if one of the pressure components is much larger than the others.
In the construction of tunnels, hydraulic structures, subways, ellipsoidal intersections with a horizontal and vertical axis are used. The shape of the cross section depends on what the mine is designed for, as well as on mining conditions. In particular, the shape is affected by the vector of influence of the maximum pressure component, parallel to which the axis of the ellipse is located.