The Decembrist movement was of great social and political importance for the country. It reflected the thoughts and moods of highly educated, advanced layers of Russian society. One of the founders of the movement was Alexander Muravyov, a general who participated in the Patriotic War of 1812 and the Crimean Battle. His father was the founder of the Moscow educational institution for columnists. In it, Alexander Muravyov was just trained.
Biography
The leader was born in a noble family in 1792, on October 10. Before entering the educational institution founded by his father, he received primary home education and upbringing. In 1810, on March 1, the future Decembrist Alexander Nikolayevich Muravyov was accepted for military service. September 14, he received the rank of second lieutenant. In the autumn of 1810 - in the spring of 1811, he was on a survey in the Kiev and Volyn provinces. Since March 1812 he was transferred to the First Western Army. In June, Alexander Muravyov was enrolled in the fifth building.
Military campaigns
Alexander Muravyov took part in the battle near Borodino. For courage, he received the Order of St. Anne of the third degree. He also participated in the battles for Krasnoye, Maloyaroslavets, Tarutino. For the courage shown, he received a golden sword. Alexander Muravyov also participated in foreign campaigns of 1813. He distinguished himself in the battles for Fer-Champenoise, Leipzig, Kulm, Bauzen. Since September, he was seconded to Platov’s corps. In 1813, March 16, he was awarded the rank of lieutenant, on November 2 - the staff captain.
In 1814 he was transferred to the General Staff of the Guard. In the same year, in August, Alexander Muravyov received the rank of captain, March 7, 1816 - Colonel. Under the First Reserve-Cavalry Corps, he was chief quartermaster. In the years 1817-1818. He was the chief of staff of the guards detachment during the unit’s stay in Moscow. By order of Alexander 1, in January 1818, on January 6, he was arrested for malfunctioning non-commissioned officers during the parade. Alexander Muravyov resigned in protest. In early October 1818, he was dismissed from service.
Secret organizations
At the end of 1810, Alexander Muravyov became a member of the Masonic Lodge "Elizabeth to Virtue." In 1814 he joined the organization in France. Since 1816, Mr .. was a member of the "Three Virtues." In the period from June 1817 to August 1818 he was the appointed master of the box. In addition, Muravyov was a member of the Sacred Artel. He became the founder of the Union of Salvation. Participated in the "Military Society". Until 1819, it was part of the "Union of Welfare." Participated in the compilation of the Green Book. In 1819 he left the organization.
Arrest and punishment
Muravyov was taken into custody in the estate of his wife in a. Botovo in 1826, January 8. Five days later, he was taken to St. Petersburg to the main guardhouse. Since January 14, he stayed in the Peter and Paul Fortress. At the beginning of July 1826 he was convicted of the VI category and exiled to Siberia without depriving the nobility and ranks. His wife decided to go after him. At the end of August 1826, Muravyov arrived in Yalutorovsk. After a while, at the request of the mother-in-law, Princess Shakhovskaya, the place of exile was changed and transferred to Verkhneudinsk. At the end of January 1827 he arrived in the city. There he applied for civil service. The application was granted. In late November, the couple had a daughter, but she died at the age of five.
Official career
At the end of January 1828, Muravyov was appointed mayor in Irkutsk. He officially entered this position by the end of April. In early July 1831, he was appointed chairman of the provincial board with the rank of state adviser. At the end of June of the following year, he received a position in Tobolsk. From October 30, 1832 he was the civil governor. In 1834, a conflict arose between Muravyov and Velyaminov (Governor-General of Western Siberia). As a result, the first was transferred to Vyatka, where he was chairman of the criminal chamber. But already at the end of 1834, Velyaminov's successor wished to return Muravyov back to Tobolsk.
At the end of May 1835, he was appointed chairman of the Tauride Chamber of Criminal Cases. In 1837, he quarreled with Count Vorontsov and in early November was transferred to the Arkhangelsk province. After 2 years, in connection with the unrest of the peasants in Izhemsky volost, he was dismissed from the post of governor. From mid-April 1843, Muravyov served in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. In mid-February 1846, he became a member of the Council of Ministers, carried out audits of various provinces. In 1848, on September 18, he was appointed full state adviser.
Return to military service
In May 1851 he entered the General Staff with the rank of colonel. Muravyov was enlisted in military service on a personal request. In the summer of 1854 he was seconded to Poland. In August 1854, he served under the General Staff of the army. At the end of March 1855, he was promoted to the rank of Major General, and from the end of July of this year he was sent on vacation for the treatment of cataracts.
Burial place
Alexander Muravyov died in 1863, December 18, in Moscow. The body was buried in the Novodevichy Convent. According to historical evidence, in 1920 the cross disappeared from the grave. Subsequently, the burial place was lost. In 1930, the cemetery was liquidated. The fence with the tablet was moved from the northern part of the Volkonsky mausoleum to the Trubetskoy burial. According to historical evidence, the grave of Father Muravyov was also destroyed. In 1979, a stella monument was erected over the proposed burial site.
Namesake
In the same historical period, another Alexander Muravyov, a Decembrist, and a cornet, lived in Russia. He was born in 1802, March 19. The patronymic of this Muravyov is Mikhailovich. In his early years, he received excellent home education and upbringing. After a while, he became a listener of lectures of advanced scientific figures, actively engaged in self-education. Muravyov paid much attention to the works of the enlighteners of France. At the beginning of April 1824 he was the cornet of the Cavalier Guard regiment.
Participation in clandestine organizations
At the age of 17-18 he joined the "Union of Welfare." Since 1824 he was a member of the Northern Society. His acquaintance with Naryshkin, Trubetskoy, Obolensky belongs to this period. Muravyov participated in many meetings of the company, he was aware of all the plans of activity. He actively supported the draft constitution put forward by his brother. Since 1825, Muravyov received the right to enroll new members in society. During this period, Suvorov was accepted into the organization, as well as Vyazemsky, Gorozhansky, Chernyshev, Sheremetyev, Koloshin, etc. December 14, Muravyov participated in a meeting at Ryleyev’s apartment. On the day of the uprising, he persuaded the cavalry guards not to swear allegiance to Nicholas. Muravyov was arrested on December 19 in his mother’s apartment.
Conclusion and reference
In 1825, on December 25, Alexander Mikhailovich Muravyov was placed in the Revel fortress, and on April 30 of the following year, he was transferred to the Peter and Paul Fortress. According to the verdict, he was deprived of all ranks and nobility. He was sent to hard labor, sentencing him to 15 years. In early December 1826, together with his brother, Torson and Annenkov, he was sent to Siberia. First he served his sentence in Nerchinsk at the mines, then he was transferred to the Petrovsky Plant. In 1832, Muravyov was released from work. Not wanting to part with his brother, he continued to work at the Petrovsky Plant. In 1844, he received permission to join the provincial government of Tobolsk. In September 1853, he was allowed to return to the European part of the country. However, on November 14 of that year, Muravyov died in Tobolsk. The body was buried in the Zavalny cemetery.
Alexandra Muravyova - wife of the Decembrist
She was the daughter of Count Chernyshev, who served as a real secret adviser. Received an excellent education. February 22, 1823 she becomes the wife of the Decembrist Nikita Muravyov (older brother Alexander Mikhailovich). When the wife was arrested, she was expecting a third child. In 1826, on October 26, she received permission to follow him to hard labor.
Muravyova was one of the first wives of the Decembrists, who left her husband to hard labor. She possessed boundless sincerity and a tender attitude towards loved ones. She died at a young age - at 27 years old - at the Petrovsky Plant. This death was the first in the circle of the Decembrists. At the request of her husband, a chapel was built over the grave. Two daughters were subsequently buried in the same place. The chapel has been preserved in the city of Petrovsk-Zabaykalsky. She is in the old cemetery.