Cell organelles are permanent structures that provide the performance of specific functions in the process of its life - growth and development, division and reproduction, etc. Eukaritic (nuclear) cells of plants and animals have a similar structure and an almost identical set of organelles, and prokaryotic (non-nuclear) cells have a primitive structure and are devoid of many organoids.
Cell organelles, depending on the presence of membrane components, are divided into non-membrane and furniture. Non
-membrane organelles include: ribosomes and centrioles and motion organelles (microtubules and microfilaments). Ribosomes are rounded or elongated bodies, consisting of two units - large and small. Combining with each other, ribosomes form polysomes. This organelle is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Ribosomes play a very important role, as they collect proteins from amino acids. Centrioles are hollow cylinders that consist of triplets and microtubules. Centrioles form the cell center, which takes part in cell division. Motion organelles are hollow tubes or threads that can freely occur in the cytoplasm or be part of flagella, cilia, spindle division.
Membrane organelles of the cell are divided into single and double membrane. To single-membrane
include: EPS (endoplasmic membrane),
Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuole (found in plants and
unicellular animals).The endoplasmic reticulum is a branched network of channels and cavities that permeate the entire cell. It is divided into smooth and rough. Smooth EPS contains enzymes that are involved in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Rough EPS is involved in protein synthesis, which occurs in the ribosomes attached to it.
The Golgi apparatus (complex) is a cavity stacked in a stack that is connected to the EPS. He is actively involved in the metabolism and in the formation of lysosomes.
Lysosomes are small rounded bodies filled with an enzyme that, if necessary, can break down "broken" organelles and whole cells. It has a protective function.
The two-membered organelles of the cell are mitochondria and are characteristic of plants only plastids. Their feature is the presence of two membranes, external and internal. The outer (outer) membrane performs the function of exchange and communication of these organelles with other components of the cell, and the inner membrane forms folds, the space between which is filled with a matrix - a liquid substance. The inner folds of mitochondria are called cristae, and plastid chloroplasts are called grains. These cell organelles contain RNA and DNA. Mitochondria synthesize ATP, which subsequently serves as a source of
energy. The function of
plastids will depend on their color - colorless (or leukoplasts) store carbohydrates, in particular starch; yellow, orange, red (or chromoplasts) - give color to flowers and fruits; green chloroplasts - provide the synthesis of ATP and carbohydrates.
The main organelles of the cell, interconnected by cytoplasm and membranes, form a single integral system.