The history of Novorossiysk , a glorious city, is accompanied by stories, documentary facts and legends. Reading about the events that, replacing each other, created his chronicle, you sometimes cease to understand: we are talking about a real geographical point or an unknown land invented by a science fiction writer. Can all this happen in one place? It turns out, perhaps, if his story begins in the 5th century BC.
The place where the beautiful city stands today has always attracted people: fertile land, warm sea, good climate. It was worth fighting for. They fought. Many storms swept here, many times the settlements were destroyed. But time passed, and people returned here, settled in and rebuilt the city.
I would like to tell the story of Novorossiysk for children , as a good fairy tale, but none of this will work. Very often she was very unkind. But nothing can be changed: this is his story.
Then he bore a different name
In the 5th century BC, the Hellenes, the ancient Greeks liked the place on the shore of the Tsemess bay, they organized a settlement here - the city of Bata. Trade went well, overseas merchants came here, highlanders came. So, there were pirates who rarely missed their prey. Defending merchant ships, the ships of the Bosporus king entered into a naval battle with the robber tribes.
In the 13th century, the
Tsemess bay was captured by the Golden Horde. But why the steppes inhabitants of the sea open spaces? They went further inland, and there they made their predatory raids. And the Genoese merchants looked at the land on the Black Sea, who agreed to pay tribute to Khan Batu for permission to live and trade here. For many years their ships were masters in the bay. But after the
capture of Constantinople in the 15th century by the Turks, which led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the owners of these waters and lands changed. The Turks drove the Italians away from our shores.
To protect their new territories, they built here in the 18th century the fortress of Sujuk, which our soldiers repeatedly took with battle in the Russian-Turkish wars of that time. But after the conclusion of peace treaties, Sujuk was returned to the Turks until the next hostilities.
In 1829, the Sudzhuk fortress finally becomes the coast of New Russia, new lands annexed to the Russian Empire. Having won another Russian-Turkish war, Russia won the right to leave her ships in the Black Sea. This is the history of the name Novorossiysk .
Education of the city of Novorossiysk
The local population took a new hostile hostility, all the Caucasian tribes rose to war with the "infidels". Russian life in these places was difficult and dangerous. In addition, the soldiers were sick in an unusual climate.
It was decided to build military coastal fortifications and roads between them. General Nikolai Raevsky was appointed the work manager. He chose the peak of Sujuk Bay for the construction of one of them.
On September 12, 1838, eleven ships under Russian flags entered the Tsemess Bay. They were commanded by Vice Admiral Mikhail Lazarev, on board one of the ships were General Raevsky and Rear Admiral Serebryakov. Six thousand people landed, and the tribes, without any resistance, left these places. It is September 12 that the city celebrates its birthday.
In January, an order was issued to assign the status of a city called Novorossiysk to the fortification built here.
How the city developed
Thanks to these three outstanding people, not only fortification was built. The Admiralty, the port, residential buildings, and trading shops were built in a short time. We started to cultivate gardens and vegetable gardens. We have established relations with local residents, involving them in trade and city construction. A school was opened for the mountain children. The city grew and developed.
Citizens erected a monument to the founders of their city on one of the modern squares.
Crimean War
In 1853, the Crimean War began, in which Russia had to fight against the powerful coalition of several European states. In February 1855, the enemy squadron approached Novorossiysk. Realizing that there was no place to wait for help (the Russian fleet was locked in Sevastopol), and the coastal guns were short-range, the Russian soldiers were forced to remain silent while powerful destructive fire was fired from the enemy ships. When the ships already confident of victory came closer to the shore, they hit our guns, so much so that the battered squadron urgently left the bay. The victory was for the Russian soldiers.
But in general, the war was lost, and one of the conditions for concluding a shameful peace was the destruction of the Black Sea fleet and fortifications on the coast. The Russian garrison left Novorossiysk. The locals left with him.
Rebirth
But the story of Novorossiysk does not end there. This wonderful place attracted people, and after 20 years a small settlement and military fortification appeared here - Konstantinovskaya station "with one tavern, one mill, one tobacco factory and eight drinking establishments."
People of different nationalities come here who fled from the Turkish yoke, the settlement comes to life and in 1866 it again becomes the city of Novorossiysk.
Industry is developing, a port and a railway are being built. The constructed oil pipeline and the first Zvezda cement plant, operating on the local marl, accelerate its development and attract business people here. This is a golden period in his life. Industrial enterprises, grammar schools, libraries, hotels, and houses are being built. The port is expanding. Winemaking rises to a high level.
Novorossiysk Republic
Where industrial enterprises, ports, and railroads worked, labor was concentrated, which meant that there was a revolutionary movement that swept the country in 1905. Not only port movers and factory workers took an active part in the strikes. Advanced youth did not lag behind them, putting forward their demands. Gymnasium students did not attend classes, demanding that cold breakfasts be replaced with hot ones, and a man with a doctor - with a woman.
But the amusing demands quickly ended, the question of power arose. The movement was led by professional revolutionaries who relied on a fighting squad of workers. Power passed to the Council of Workers' Deputies. The Novorossiysk Republic was proclaimed in the city for two weeks. The history of Novorossiysk as a Soviet city began much earlier than other Soviet cities.
The Soviets managed to do something in favor of the working class. Throughout this period, “revolutionary order and discipline” was observed in the city.
The end of the republic came with the entry into the city of a punitive detachment. Tips self-dissolve.
The years of the formation of Soviet power
Briefly about the history of Novorossiysk in this period we can say this: power changed many times and often. Representatives of the Provisional Government yielded it to the Bolsheviks, those to the commander of the Volunteer Army. Colonel Kutepov, the governor of the city, retreating with the last wave of emigrants, was almost caught by the Red Army. Soviet power returned "seriously and for a long time."
Until the start of World War II, the city lived the life of its country: the economy destroyed by the war was being restored, five-year plans were being implemented, and the guys joined the October and Pioneer detachments.
War
From the first days of the war, the city begins to work for the front, here factories are evacuated from places captured by the Nazis. In the summer of 1942, the Germans approached Novorossiysk.
Soviet soldiers fiercely defended their city and were able to stop the enemy, despite its superior forces. The Germans pulled up additional troops and entered its western part. All! Further they could not advance a single step, no matter what they did. Ours stood to death, not letting the enemy into the Caucasus.
For more than a year, 393 days, troops fought for the territory of Novorossiysk. No one backed down. Such a long defense could withstand only one more city - Leningrad. For this feat in 1973 he was awarded the title of Hero City. The history of Novorossiysk keeps a memory of these events. Many monuments and monuments in the city are dedicated to war heroes.
Recovery
After a year of fighting, only ruins remained on the city streets. It was decided to rebuild it. And built under the leadership of architect Boris Iofan.
The center of the cement industry, the most important transportation hub of the Russian south, the city of winemaking and, of course, the Black Sea port - this is the current history of the city of Novorossiysk
.The city, which has survived so much over the centuries, has stood and won, lives a working, fulfilling life today. Through whatever troubles and events he went through, Novorossiysk treats its history with care, preserving it for posterity. Many memorable places speak of past events.
The beginning of the formation of the city, its historical center - Heroes Square at the seaport. From here you can start a story for children about the history of Novorossiysk , the city of heroic people.
The central street of the Soviets immortalized the memory of the revolutionary movement of 1905 and the Novorossiysk Republic.
The embankment, a beautiful street, recalls one of the founders of Novorossiysk Lazar Markovich Serebryakov.
The history of Novorossiysk in the streets
, their names, in numerous monuments, in the hearts of the inhabitants. But the most important memorial site, preserved in the centuries as beautiful, remains the Black Sea Tsemess Bay, which has observed all its difficult, but such a beautiful history.