Most people, after acquiring a land plot, plan to build a country house, a trading institution, or a building of a certain functional purpose on it in the future. What documents are needed for such a deal? First of all, a plan with the size, location of buildings and communications, both ground and underground. To draw up such documentation, a topographic survey of the site is carried out, which provides complete information about the features of the terrain and its geographical coordinates.
Agricultural lands are an exception here , since they are usually bought or leased for the subsequent cultivation of various crops and their sale at retail outlets. However, in some cases, even with this use of land, it is recommended to do a topographic survey in order to determine the conditional zero point. It is in relation to it that the site will be investigated for geographical features, such as ravines, hills, ditches and others.
Topographical survey - what is it?
To obtain accurate site plans or original maps of the area, a certain set of works is carried out, which is called topographic survey. All measurements obtained comply with the standard and are provided in the form of generally accepted GOST 22268-76.
There are three types of ground surveys:
- planned;
- high-altitude;
- combined.
For example, horizontal (planned) determines the coordinates of the terrain with respect to the Earth's surface, vertical - the height of these points.
Topographic survey allows you to measure the exact distance of a particular area, its angles and more. To perform this work, special tools are used.
Varieties of topographic survey
Based on the scale, the following varieties of topographic survey exist today:
- Poderevnaya - is carried out during the arrangement of the landscape, indicating the exact location of the growing trees on the site plan.
- 1: 200 - extra large. It is used in the arrangement of construction sites and allows you to get the most accurate dimensions of the various buildings and other elements present on it.
- 1: 500 - "five hundred." This type is used to make detailed drawings and a master plan for the location of utilities that run along the construction site.
- 1: 2000 - this scale of topographic surveying is used to create plans and diagrams of settlements (towns and urban microdistricts) and large industrial enterprises.
Types of topographic survey depending on the technological process
Topographic survey can be conditionally divided into types, taking into account the equipment used during these works:
- theodolite - a ground-based survey complex designed to obtain metric data, is made using rangefinders and theodolite;
- stereotopographic - characterized by obtaining primary information when using a stereo pair;
- compass topographic survey is made by such equipment as rangefinders and compasses;
- menzulnaya - performed using kipregel and mensula;
- aerial photography - allows you to get a photographic image using aircraft;
- digital - the process of obtaining an optical image, which is subsequently transmitted to a specific medium;
- sonar survey allows you to get information about the bottom of various reservoirs, performed by sonar.
The purpose of topographic surveying and geodetic work
Before the construction, geodetic works, as well as the subsequent survey, are necessarily carried out. The first are necessary to obtain accurate indicators of distances, heights and angles, to determine the area of the site, its boundaries and geographical coordinates. But professional topographic surveying is carried out with the aim of creating maps and schemes of construction and other sites. With its help, you can build an accurate digital 3D-model of the area. The most commonly used shooting is large-scale. Thanks to her, it became possible to design landscape designs, update general plans and draw up drawings.
Topographic survey procedure
If it is necessary to carry out geodetic work at the construction site, then you should know the procedure for carrying out such a procedure in order to competently complete all the necessary preparations. Topographic survey consists of several successive stages:
- Preparatory. A contract is concluded, the necessary documentation is prepared and the relevant authorities are visited in order to obtain permission to perform these works.
- Field. At this point, shooting is in progress.
- The final one is the final step at which the technical report and plan are drawn up, and the work is completed.
As can be seen from the last stage, the customer, after performing all necessary manipulations, receives a ready topographic plan and a detailed report. It is important to know that the total cost and quality of conducting a topographic survey completely depends on the features of the site relief and its area, therefore it is recommended to order the preliminary geodetic services in full. Only in this case, the obtained results will facilitate the subsequent topographic survey.