Consider the basics of design. The methods used in it depend on the specifics of the created drawings.
Architectural design
It represents the creation of a prototype of a future non-residential or residential building. Professionals call the prototype of this object an architectural project. Work on it is a laborious and lengthy process. Building design involves the development of technical and design documentation, the implementation of numerous mathematical calculations, the preparation of engineering calculations, estimates and schedules, as well as writing various descriptions and explanatory notes. These requirements are suitable for all types of construction and engineering works. Building design involves the implementation of such operations in order to obtain the desired result after completion of construction work.
Project specifics
All project activities, the thought process of creating the structure and image of the future building are necessarily fixed in the form of images. Structural design is currently impossible without the use of automated technology, electronic and computing machines, graphic layouts. In addition, professionals pay attention to the creation of models of developed houses and office premises.
Features of the drawings
The drawing method, which is actively used in the modern construction industry, is based on a conventional image of objects and space on a plane using the basics of descriptive geometry. Its specificity is that the analytical process of considering the design task, as well as the creative machinations of ideas for the future building, the technical part of the project, are necessarily accompanied by graphic drawings, tables, texts, diagrams, sketches. Each design stage has its own graphic techniques.
Graphic projects
It has certain design stages. Such a technique is used to create industrial enterprises, architectural objects, indoor planning. What are the challenges of such a design? With it, you can get smaller copies of future large buildings without using complex tools and equipment. Design methods such as graphic sketches are available to all technically competent specialists. The range of drawings varies from a large microdistrict to the smallest details of structures and buildings. It was graphics that became the international language in the implementation of projects in various fields of human activity. If we consider the basic design methods, then it was the drawings that became the main tools for the work of engineers and builders. They have been successfully implemented in the design practice of industrial organizations.
Model breadboard technique
The model layout, which takes into account all the structural features of the created project, involves serious and long-term work of a whole team of engineers. Considering the many diverse options, choose the only correct version. Moreover, the scale of the model is chosen depending on which particular points should be highlighted by the developers. Modeling helps to solve various problems at the stage of theoretical development of the building, to avoid problems in the process of transferring them to real construction work.
Layout Graphic Method
Practice shows that if it is necessary to solve modern construction problems, an integrated approach is important. It fully satisfies the creative process of architectural design in the modern construction industry. Design technology involves a rational combination of graphic and artistic skill with compositional thinking, large-scale modeling. In addition, the civil engineers apply the volumetric method. It helps to analyze the specifics of the created drawings, the purpose, as well as carry out the necessary calculations.
Sketch method
Such design methods are required when searching for a volumetric layout and image, as well as when performing work on a large scale. The use of high-quality artistic study of all the nuances of the model, preservation of proportions, guarantees perfect reproduction of the future architectural structure. The layout-graphic technique, which includes the volumetric method, spatial modeling, is a universal weapon in the architectural design of industrial facilities.
Photo and film projection
These modern technologies have opened up great opportunities for architects to analyze the created model of the building by simulating the existence of people in the space of the proposed construction. Thanks to design, modern architects create perfect compositions, reduce the likelihood of errors that occur when transferring a “paper project” to reality. The laws of mathematics, logic, office equipment, automated machines simplify the procedure for preparing documentation, accelerate the design of office buildings and domestic objects.
Design systems and methods involve processing a large amount of information; therefore, it is important to seek additional resources in order to optimize the process and meet the requirements dictated by a rapidly changing society.
All methods used in modern construction are based on design activities. They are impossible without the use of modern electronic means and automated equipment. When developing master plans, working out the number of storeys of buildings, performing calculations, architects actively use IR technologies.
Design challenge
The desired method is aimed at developing projects based on the optimal summation of aesthetic, social, scientific, technical, natural, construction and other conditions in order to obtain ready-made and correct solutions. With the help of automation and modeling on electronic machines of the latest generation, it is possible to support the processes of systematization, accumulation, processing of information flow. Design involves an analytical comparison of ready-made options with the programmed parameters and the choice of the best solution, its technical and graphical fixation, as well as obtaining the necessary amount of project documentation. Photographic telegraph equipment, movie cameras, holographic devices, storage devices, copy centers, control panels became integral parts when creating projects of buildings and office premises. All these elements are accelerating tools in the work of any designer.
Features of architectural graphics
It is a direction of fine art, which covers the creative process of images and ideas in the design with architectural design. A detailed development of a plan for the future structure in a drawing with a certain scale is being carried out. For this, certain designations of pylons, walls, foundations, columns, marks for the location of doors and windows are used. The general plan shows the location of the ensemble of structures or a separate building in a specific area with the location of the cardinal points. The architectural drawing is interconnected with mathematical calculations and indications of the real dimensions of the created building, demonstrates the ratio of its components. Currently, the division of architectural graphics into digital and classic is supposed. In classical graphics, objects such as paints, pencils, paper are used as the main tools. Digital graphics are not possible without the use of modern computing systems.
Design sequence
This creative process is carried out in our country according to certain state standards and norms in various sectors of the economy. Development of project documentation is carried out at the following stages:
- development of a preliminary design;
- study of the material;
- execution of working documentation;
- approval of the finished project.
Consider the design steps. At the first stage, coordination of materials with executive authorities and state supervision is not supposed. Professionals consider the nuances of the sketch to think over the main details of the future object before a final decision is made on its implementation in real construction.
Using the preliminary design, they solve the following problems:
- urban planning justification for the location of the new construction site on the ground;
- demonstration of the internal layout and appearance of the created object;
- identifying the attractiveness of the project from the point of view of investors;
- determination of historical, cultural, urban, sanitary and environmental requirements.
The draft design has an explanatory note, a situational plan with the surrounding territories, a master plan, floor plans, transport schemes, facades, sections with special “layers”, options for volumetric and color solutions of facades, photo montage, 3D visualization.
Design Features
This technique is used not only in the construction industry, but also in the organizational structure of management. It consists in choosing the best option for organization in production management, which will increase the efficiency of personnel, increase the volume of products. Risk in the managerial aspect is defined as the level of uncertainty in predicting the result. It is always associated with the choice of alternatives and the calculation of the probability of the result for each individual alternative.
The design of structures in a production and economic organization is considered as a complex object, including economic, administrative, organizational, informational, economic interactions that lend themselves to direct study and rational design, as well as socio-psychological relationships and characteristics. They are directly related to the skill level and abilities of employees, leadership style, attitude to their official duties. The peculiarity of the problem of designing the structure of organizational management is that it should not be adequately presented in the form of the task of formal selection of the ideal version of the organizational structure according to the formulated, mathematically justified optimality criterion. The problem involves several criteria at once, therefore, to solve it, combine the scientific methods of modern analysis, modeling, evaluation of organizational systems with the functioning of the leader, expert and specialist in the selection and evaluation of ideal options for organizational solutions.
Organizational design involves a consistent approach to the model of the optimal management structure, in which design methods have an auxiliary role in assessing, considering, and adopting the most effective ways of organizational decisions into reality. Management structures are being designed based on methods that complement each other:
- analogies;
- structuring;
- expert analytical approach;
- organizational modeling.
The method of analogy consists in the use of management mechanisms and organizational forms that have paid off in companies with similar organizational parameters, namely goals, sizes, in comparison with the designed organization. To the methodology of analogies include the development of standard methods for managing production and business organizations. What are the design challenges? The analogy method is applied on the basis of two approaches that are mutually complementary. The first is to identify certain values and patterns of change in the main organizations of management mechanisms that will be effective under certain initial conditions. The second position involves a set of general decisions on the relationship and nature of individual management units and positions, taking into account the activities of the organization, its activities, as well as the creation of special regulatory parameters of the management apparatus for organizations of this type.
The expert analytical method involves examination and a detailed study of the company. For this, qualified specialists are involved, the selection of tools for design depends on their conclusion.
Conclusion
Any human activity is closely related to the use of design technologies. In addition to the construction industry, design techniques are widely used in educational institutions. Individual entrepreneurs starting their own production, first carefully study the theoretical foundations of design in order to increase the efficiency of the company, minimize unnecessary costs, and reduce the cost of production. Any action upon the completion of which a new interesting business can be developed is called design technology. The Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation has developed second-generation educational standards in which design methods are a prerequisite for the formation of a harmoniously developed personality.