Ioffe Adolf Abramovich in historical sources is often referred to as Victor Krymsky. He was an ardent participant in the revolutionary movement, despite his descent from a wealthy family. With the advent of Soviet power, he became a diplomat. Several important peace treaties were signed with his hand. The political activity of this person could continue, but the insidious infection and loss of faith decided everything. Who was Adolf Abramovich?
Life before the February Revolution
Ioffe Adolf Abramovich was born on 10/10/1883 in the family of a wealthy merchant from Simferopol. Father owned vehicles throughout the Crimea. He provided the second son with a good education:
- University of Berlin - Faculty of Medicine, which he did not graduate from;
- University of Zurich - attended lectures at the Faculty of Law;
- University in Vienna - trained as a doctor, was fond of psychiatry, was a listener and follower of Adler.
From the beginning of the twentieth century he was engaged in revolutionary activities, was a participant in the events of 1905. A year later, he was exiled to Siberia, but the young man managed to escape and settle in Switzerland, then in Berlin.
Ioffe Adolf Abramovich, whose biography is related to the revolution in Russia, did not interrupt communication with his country. He visited it illegally, organizing work among revolutionary-minded representatives of the working class.
Since 1908, Ioffe began a friendship with Trotsky. In Vienna, they together published the newspaper Pravda.
This went on for four years until Adolf Abramovich was arrested in Odessa. He was sent to Tobolsk, a year later, was arrested again. This time the punishment was more severe: deprivation of rights with all his fortune, life sentence to Siberia.
Participation in the events of 1917
After the February events, Ioffe Adolf Abramovich was released. He came to Petrograd and became a member of an organization led by Trotsky. Together they published Vperyod magazine.
In the summer of 1917, politics was elected to the Petrograd Duma. Arriving from hard labor, he was a Menshevik, and now he led the Bolsheviks.
What happened to his fate after the October Revolution?
Diplomatic activities
Ioffe Adolf Abramovich was appointed to the People's Commissariat of Foreign Affairs. He participated in the following foreign policy events:
- meeting in Brest-Litovsk regarding an agreement with Germany;
- Signed a peace treaty with Estonia;
- peace with Latvia, Lithuania;
- presided over peace talks with the Poles;
- representative from the RSFSR at the Genoa conference;
- held peace talks with representatives of the Basmachi.
He worked as a Soviet diplomat in Germany. But because of the revolutionary preparations conducted there, he was expelled from the country with the entire political representation of the RSFSR in 1918. Four years later, he became Ambassador Extraordinary to Japan and China. He served as a representative of his country's government in Beijing. He published the “Declaration”, which he drew up together with Sun Yat-sen.
By 1927 he was appointed professor of Soviet law at Moscow State University. He also served as Deputy Chairman of the Glavkontsesskom USSR under Trotsky.
Sickness and the dying message
Working in Japan, A. A. Ioffe caught a severe infection - multiple polyneuritis. Due to an illness, he was sent to Austria, where in 1924 he began to occupy the post of political representative in Vienna.
The disease deprived him of the ability to move. He was forced to be in bed. He could not conduct active political activity in this position. The mental state of the activist was undermined by the decision of the Central Committee, which refused to provide him with financial assistance for therapy abroad.
Before his death, A. A. Ioffe wrote a farewell letter on ten pages. It was intended for Trotsky, whom he called for waging an uncompromising struggle.
The politician and revolutionary on November 17, 1927 did not become. He committed suicide by shooting himself in the head.
Grave politics has become a memorial
They buried the remains of a politician at Novodevichy. The coffin was carried by his colleagues in diplomatic activities - Litvinov, Chicherin, Karakhan. Farewell speech at the sepulcher delivered Trotsky. It was the last public appearance of the revolutionary and comrade of the deceased.
Since the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Estonian Embassy in Moscow annually celebrates the anniversary of the signing of the Tartu Treaty at the Ioffe grave. Ioffe was the head of the delegation from Soviet Russia. As a result of this agreement, Estonia received significant land, part of the gold reserves of Tsarist Russia and other concessions from the Soviet government.
The memorial event is attended by many Estonians who live in Moscow, including embassy workers.
Personal life
Ioffe Adolf Abramovich (1883-1927) was married twice. His first wife was Berta Ilyinichna, in girlhood she bore the name Tsypkina. She gave birth to his daughter Nadezhda in 1906. Since 1929, the daughter was in exiles and camps, until she was released after twenty years of wandering. A woman died in 1999.
The second wife was called Maria Mikhailovna, in girlhood - Hirschberg. The woman, like her daughter Nadezhda, spent twenty years in the camps. She died in 1989. She gave birth to his son Vladimir in 1919. At the age of eighteen, he was shot in Tomsk during the repressions of the thirties of the last century.
From the daughter many memories of the father remained. She described his character, habits, attitude towards colleagues in revolutionary activities. Hope represented the father as an organized person, to a certain extent pedantic. He did not like to be late, believing that everything should be done on time. According to her, Ioffe was carried away by the idea of revolution because of books that he read in his youth.