To systematize information on financial and economic operations carried out by an enterprise or organization in monetary terms, various forms of accounting are used. In accounting, the form of accounting is the systematization and processing of necessary information using analytical and synthetic registers. Information is processed necessarily taking into account the systematic nature, the sequence of records and the relationship of the recorded material.
Accounting Forms
To date, legislative acts of the Russian Federation allow the following forms of accounting :
1. Using memorial warrants. Accounting of an analytical nature is carried out in cards, then the information is synthesized in a book register. A memorial order must be drawn up for each business transaction confirmed by the primary document . Memorial and warrant entries can be made on a group of primary documents on the basis of the accumulative list. For example, for several invoices of the same type, previously inscribed in the statement, one entry is made that reflects the total amount, with reference to the document. Invoices, checks, receipts must be attached.
2. Using the magazine "General Book". This is a kind of order-memorial form of accounting. In this case, the records of business transactions are made in the combined register in the form of a journal “General ledger”. Here, in chronological order, memorial and warrant entries are recorded in combination with systematic information on synthetic accounts. This register reflects the synthetic accounting of business and financial transactions on credit and debit of all accounts. In this “General Ledger” balances on synthetic accounts are entered at the beginning of each month. At the end of each month, balances are also counted and recorded. The data contained in this register serve as the basis for compiling the balance sheet of the enterprise.
3. Using magazine orders. The register of this form of accounting are order books, which are sheets with a drawn grid, where the main records of business and financial transactions are systematically kept directly from the primary documents. The movement for each analytical or synthetic account is reflected in a separate order journal. Often, accounting in such registers is combined with registration of data in the accumulative statements. The total numerical results on credit and debit from all available magazine-orders are then transferred to the “General ledger”.
4. Using automated tables of accounting programs. Registers in this case are tables in which numerical data are entered. The program automatically calculates and displays the result.
5. Using a simplified accounting method. The legislation of the Russian Federation provides such a form for keeping records of the economic and financial activities of individual enterprises. The register will be a journal for recording the property of the company. All current entries are sequentially recorded in it.
Choice of accounting form
The decision about which form of accounting is better to choose, which will be most convenient for accounting the economic and financial processes of your enterprise or organization, depends on various factors. If the enterprise is large and regularly carries out financial transactions on a large scale, then it would be more expedient, of course, to choose and fix an automated form of accounting in the accounting policy of the enterprise.
The technique and forms of accounting are determined by the head of the company, depending on the amount of work involved in accounting. In a small individual enterprise, where sometimes there is only one employee (the entrepreneur himself), and the volume of operations or turnover is small, it is not at all profitable to hire another full-time unit. Therefore, the founder himself keeps records according to a simplified scheme.