The fixed assets of the enterprise are all material assets, which are the means of production, which during the entire production process transfer parts of their value to manufactured products.
So the fixed assets of the enterprise represent the material and technical base for the production of absolutely any entrepreneurial activity.
They act in the form of structures, buildings, machinery, equipment, devices, transmission devices, computer equipment, livestock, on-farm roads, vehicles, perennial plantations, as well as land and any nature management objects. In addition, these assets also include leased fixed assets and capital investments for land improvement.
Fixed assets of the enterprise are extremely important for the functioning of any enterprise, and the question of their effective use is the key to production. The effectiveness of their use is determined by the progressiveness of their structure, the degree of wear.
Fixed assets are classified by purpose and scope. According to this criterion, they are divided into production fixed assets and non-production.
The first group operates in production in the form of a set of labor means, transferring its value to finished products, these funds are replenished due to capital investments. The second group of funds is intended to serve the production process (residential buildings, kindergartens, hospitals, etc.), it is replenished at the expense of national income.
The production assets of the enterprise by function are divided into:
· Buildings (workshops and administrative buildings);
· Facilities (wells, workings, etc.);
· Transmission devices;
· cars and equipment;
· Vehicles;
· instruments;
· Tools, inventory and other fixed assets.
By the degree of participation in production, fixed assets of the enterprise can be active (have a direct impact on the change of labor objects: machinery, equipment, etc.) and passive (ensure the optimal functioning of active funds: buildings, structures, etc.).
According to the degree of use, the funds of the enterprise are divided into: being in operation, in reserve, in the process of completion, reconstruction or partial liquidation and being in conservation.
By industry, funds are divided into fixed assets of industry, agriculture, etc.
According to the rights of the enterprise to funds, they are divided into objects owned by the organization or company on the basis of property rights; objects under operational management; objects received for rent.
The technological structure characterizes the distribution of fixed assets by structural part of the enterprise in percentage terms relative to their total value.
The age structure characterizes the separation of funds by age characteristics (up to 5 years; from 5 to 10 years; from 10 years to 15 years; from 15 to 20 years; over 20). On this basis, you can calculate the average age of the equipment as a weighted average. The task of the enterprise is not to wait for the excessive aging of funds, which determine the overall results of the enterprise. In connection with these, it is necessary to timely carry out scheduled scheduled repairs of equipment and their constant maintenance by specialists.
Compensation for depreciation of fixed assets is carried out through depreciation charges. The concept of depreciation is associated with the gradual transfer of the value of fixed assets to products in order to accumulate cash for their renovation (full recovery). The monetary expression of the essence of depreciation is depreciation. They are included in the cost of production.