Since the advent of the cartridge there have been many developments. There were cartridges with different functionality and parameters. This appearance also led to the development of firearms. Classical applications: army, military conditions, hunting, self-defense.
The following are the most popular hunting modifications. Cartridges in the context of a description.
Modification 7.62
To date, domestic hunters have three varieties of cartridges with a calibration of 7.62 mm. As you know, the caliber is the distance that separates the protrusions in the rifled tunnel of the barrel.
Varieties are as follows:
- 7.62x39. Feature - shell bullet.
- 7.62x51. Specificity - expansive bullet.
- 7.62x53. The bullet is sports.
All of them have a different parameter for the diameter of the divergence of bullets during firing at 300 m. Its spectrum: 6-12.5 cm.
Interestingly, recently the species 7.62x53 received the designation 7.62x54. It is a recognized standard both abroad.
These models are widespread in such weapons: "Tiger", "KO-44" and "SV-40." All these are hunting carbines.
In combined weapons with markings MC and IL, they can be used under an important condition - the diameter of the barrel rifled channel should be 7.925 mm.
When buying weapons, you need to focus on this.
Permissible gunpowder and weapons
Is it possible to replace 7.62x54 with other types? It is possible if the type of bullets is expansive. And their leading component has a diameter of 7.92 or 7.83 mm. Another important nuance is the threaded diameter parameter - 7.925 mm.
The next topical issue concerns gunpowder. Is it possible to take it from modifications 7.62x39 and 7.62x51 for version 7.62x54 weighing 13 grams? Gunpowder burns out much faster than for 7.62x54. And if you use gunpowder from them, then there is a high risk that, when fired, the pressure rises to critical values.
7.62x51 is suitable for the weapon that was created for him. Putting another type of bullet in his sleeve is not reasonable. The reason lies in the diameter of the barrel rifled channel. In version 7.62x51 it is 7.83 mm.
In weapons for version 7.62x39, the parameter of such a diameter is 7.925 mm, like in 7.62x54. They have similar diameters of the leading component of the bullet. And to reduce the lethal effect of 7.62x54, it is logical to use non-expansive bullet options for 7.62x39.
Schemes
Touching on the structure of the cartridge 7.62, it is necessary to consider the structure of its modifications. Therefore, the following schemes are outlined below:
The structure of the cartridge 7.62, or rather, its variations, has some similarities. Their interchangeability is possible under certain conditions. Some craftsmen competently adjust calibers. But still, experts recommend using those models that are optimally suited for a particular weapon.
Modifications with calibration 12
Such modifications are especially appreciated by hunters. Their choice is due to many factors:
- The weather.
- The kind of beast.
- Natural landscape.
- The amount of production.
Today, foreign and Russian manufacturers produce such cartridges with an equal level of quality. But the firing efficiency is still different.
Purpose and properties
When choosing ammunition, consider the potential of your weapon. For example, a light gun does not need very strong bullets with a massive charge.
It is also worth taking into account the fact that there are varieties of cartridges by type of charge:
- Fractional.
- Card.
- Bullet.
The powder used may or may not smoke. Sleeves are made of metal, plastic or paper.
The powder charge can be stereotyped or increased. Fraction material in a cartridge: lead and steel.
Shotgun species are used in the extraction of ducks, forest game and small animals. Fraction parameters: 1.5-5 mm. There is a division into numbers. This is influenced by curb shot with different diameters.
For long-range shooting, high-pressure cartridges, such as Magnum, are needed.
In card types, a fraction with parameters of 5.25-10 mm is used. With her there is a hunt for wolves, wild boars and roe deer.
Bullet types are used for more massive purposes: moose, bears, deer, etc. Types of bullets for these cartridges:
- Round, arrow. Feature - the presence of a stabilizing tail.
- Turbine They use the help of oncoming air flow.
- Combination of Clause 1 and Clause 2
The marking of such cartridges includes them:
- surface characteristics;
- key parameters;
- destination;
- type of gunpowder;
- fraction numbering;
- sleeve length;
- caliber.
Cartridges of this calibration are numbered. The choice of a particular number is determined by the type of desired production:
- Numbers 5-7 are optimal for ducks, black grouses, woodcocks. Moreover, the distance to the target is in the range of 35-40 m.
- Numbers 2-4 are optimal for geese and hares. Range of distance: 40-45 m.
- Numbers 000-1 are suitable for the same purposes as point 2, as well as foxes and raccoons. Distance: 45-50 m.
The structure of the cartridge of this caliber is determined by its equipment and type of charge. For example, in the card model, the size of the fraction reaches 5.25-10 mm. The cartridge diagram is presented below.
The following is a section of the cartridge 12 caliber fractional modification.
And finally - a bullet variation.
Shotgun Versions
Shotguns are a popular weapon among hunters. With the help of them, small animals and feathered targets are hunted. It is illegal to shoot ungulate animals with them.
For such weapons, the 12th, 16th and 20th calibers are most often used.
The optimal distance for hitting a target is 35 m. Efficiency is largely determined by caliber.
Hunting with a significant caliber under equal conditions is more profitable. After all, the target can be hit with serious volumes of fractions. This instantly paralyzes and kills game.
The structure of the shotgun cartridge is formed by a sleeve and a charge. The first element is formed by a cardboard or plastic roller and a metal head. There is a device in the head, in the middle of which a capsule is arranged.
When the rod strikes, the shock mixture is compressed in the capsule. It lights up and ignites the powder.
About Shotgun Charge
The charge here includes:
- A wad that fills a tarred paper circle on both sides. The maximum height of the mug is 1.5 cm.
- Charge fractions and gaskets made of cardboard. Their thickness is 1 mm. They lie on the gunpowder. Protect it from dampness.
- The second wad.
The liner closes the gasket. So the fraction does not get enough sleep. The gasket is numbered. The diameter of the fraction can also be indicated on it.
The liners inside have a paper or metal component. This is an insert that does not allow them to break. Also, thanks to it, gases do not leak and the powder does not damp. Wad does not compress him yet. This is especially true for gunpowder that does not produce smoke. It must not be compressed.
About Shotgun Shot
The shot used can be hard or soft:
- Tough is made from lead. Antimony or arsenic is added to it. When fired, this fraction is less susceptible to deformation and better holds direction.
- To create soft, technical lead is used.
The fraction parameter is indicated by numbering or its diameter in mm is indicated.
Today, fractions with numbers 6, 8, 10 and 12 are mostly relevant. According to the new numbering, these are 1, 3, 5 and 7:
- 5-7 numbers with a diameter of 2.5-3 mm are optimal for such purposes: hazel grouse and woodcocks.
- 5-3 numbers with a parameter of 3-3.5 mm are needed for tasks such as rabbits, pheasants, wild ducks and hares.
- 3-1 species with a diameter of 3.5 to 4 mm are required for the following purposes: winter hares, wild geese and black grouse.
- Numbers 1-00 with a parameter of 4-4.5 mm are used for targets such as foxes and capercaillie.
When shooting from a shotgun, one should know that the shot rushes out of its barrel as a compact and integral whole. But a little at the barrel a sheaf of fractions stretches in length and on the sides. The reason is air resistance. It affects the fraction of any parameters, weight and configuration in different ways.
The more decent the shot distance and the smaller the fraction used, the greater the length of the fraction accumulation.
If shooting is made from a barrel of cylindrical shape, and the fraction parameter is 3 mm, this is approximately 10% of the distance from the weapon.
If the barrel has a muzzle narrowing, then approximately 7% is obtained. It is less than 40 m.
On the sides, the fraction is deflected under the influence of various deformations.
But equal deformation, indicated as a percentage, is obtained more with a small fraction than with a large one. And a small fraction is scattered on the sides more than a large one.
If the diameter of the shot is 2.5 mm, then its charge is scattered around the circumference by 35 meters. And its approximate diameter is 250 cm.
And the same charge, but of a fraction with a parameter of 3.5 mm, has a divergence diameter of 140 cm. And for this reason, the fraction of combining one barrel is less for a small fraction.
About the battle
In a shotgun, the battle needs to be analyzed based on the density of the fraction falling over a specific distance and area. This is the accuracy of the battle.
The usual shotgun shooting distance is 35 m. The diameter of the target used is 75 cm. The defeat of the shot is expressed in two versions: its total number or percent.
The number of grains of a single charge is 100%. The number of fractions that hit the target becomes the basis for calculating percent from the total fractional charge.
Example. The conditions are as follows:
- cartridge caliber - 16;
- the number of pellets - 150;
- their number is 5;
- distance - 35 m.
When defeated, 105 grains are obtained. Then the accuracy is 70%.
Ammo and bullets
For shooting from shotguns such bullets are used as:
- Brenneke.
- "Ideal".
The Brenneke form is a cylinder. On its surface there are grooves. Felt wad is mounted to it from below. Here the center of gravity is positioned significantly ahead. So a bullet in flight does not tip over.
"Ideal" is a coil. Inside it, spiral grooves are arranged. When flying, they provoke a rotation around the circumference of the longitudinal axis. So the bullet also does not tip over.
These lead models can be used only if you need to catch a very large game, such as wild boar. They recommended shooting at a short distance, because the percentage of hit is not the best.
For a hunter, it is better to use 6.5 cm long sleeves. For sports tasks, a variant with a length of 7 cm is suitable.
If the cartridges are of medium ignition, “Zhevelo” capsules are most suitable for them. In length, they are superior to conventional capsules, more quickly ignite. They are very effective in cold and rainy weather. And thanks to them, less rust is on the trunk.
As already noted, for a shotgun, cartridges with calibrations 12, 16 and 20 are optimal.
Further, for example, several cartridges are proposed in the context of a photo or in a graphical version:
- The structure of the cartridge 16th calibration.
- As for the 20th calibration, the cartridge in the context has this appearance.
More about hunting cartridges
They are used only in rifled and smoothbore weapons. An exception applies to the 22LR. It is suitable for small caliber pistols.
This cartridge can hit small game or use it for sports tasks. It has low power and annular ignition:
Below is a sectional photo of the cartridge.
Other models have considerable popularity among hunters.
5.6x39 mm - the western analogue of 223 Remington. The structure of the cartridge is presented schematically.
Features: high dynamics when working at considerable distances, a powerful projectile.
There is a version with a shell and a half-baked variation. The mass of the first is 2.8 g. The second is 3.5 g, an excellent option for catching medium-sized fur game (wolves, roe deer, etc.).
The length of the cartridge is 4.87 cm, the sleeve is 3.87 cm.
243 Win. The scheme is presented below.
This is an excellent model for catching ungulates (wild boars, roe deer, etc.). It is better to work with her at medium distances, so as not to spoil the skin of prey.
Bullet weight - 7 grams. Dynamics - 1200 m / s. The length of this cartridge is 5.74 cm, liners are 4.47 cm.
There is a sleeve having a central lesion capsule. The shell of the bullet is solid. It has a soft lead core. Tracer and explosive bullets in cartridges for hunting are prohibited by law.
The shock mixture is squeezed right into the bottom of the liner. The firing pin is aimed at the peripheral side of the bottom of the sleeve when firing.
Often hunters go fishing with smoothbore guns. The structure of the cartridge for such a gun includes the following:
- Cylindrical sleeve. Its material: brass, paper or plastic.
- A similar capsule (central lesion).
- The damaging component. It can be bullet, fractional or card.
Fractions and buckshots have unstable movement during flight. Therefore, they can be used at a distance of not more than 60 m. Bullets in this regard are more profitable to use.
So that the powder does not penetrate into the shot, and it does not spill out of the cartridge, the cartridge has special protective measures. These are wads and pads. Most often they are paper, cardboard or plastic.
To prevent powder gases from bursting, seals are built into the cartridges. Their material: cardboard and polyethylene.
Modern cartridges are equipped with new wad-kontener from polyethylene. They are cast as a unit. Their composition: shutter, shock absorber, container with buckshot or shot. As a result, the accuracy of the shot is improved.
In general, the sectional classic hunting cartridge is as shown below.
Classic Makarov pistol
Makarov's pistol is a very popular weapon, especially in law enforcement and army structures. Abbreviated as PM.
The structure of the cartridge is shown in the diagram below.
The number 1 means the sleeve. Element 2 is a capsule. Component 3 is a charge. And 4 is a bullet.
Sleeve functions:
- The concentration of the charge of gunpowder.
- Connection of all elements included in the cartridge.
- Defense charge and capsule from external influences.
- Blocking gases during the shot.
In its bottom are arranged:
- Anvil. In her brisk diverge capsule.
- The platform for the capsule.
- Seeding holes. There are two of them. Through them, a flame from the flammable capsule mixture follows to the charge.
On the outside of the bottom there is an annular groove. She hooks the ejector.
The composition of the bullet is a lead core. It is pressed into the shell. It is made of steel and clad in tompak. A tight fit is used to secure the bullet in the sleeve.
The charge is formed by pyroxylin powder. He does not smoke.
Thanks to the capsule, this charge ignites. The capsule itself has the following composition:
- Brass cap. The shock mixture is built into it.
- Tin circle. He covers the percussion mixture.
When the striker strikes, the percussion mixture ignites and gives a powerful fire.
To charge the PM, you need to fill its store. It holds 8 rounds. They are nested and recessed.
Examples of other weapons with a 9 mm cartridge
A cartridge with this caliber can be used not only in PM, but also, for example, in pistols:
- "Parabellum".
- Mauser C96.
- Star Modelo A, B.
- Wather P38.
It is used in submachine guns, for example:
- M3.
- Omen.
- Austen.
- Launchester.
The structure of the 9 mm cartridge is presented below.
Parameters are given in mm.
This cartridge is the most popular option for firearms worldwide. The structure of the cartridge of this class may vary. It can also have the following notation:
- Luger.
- Suomi.
- 9x19
And there are many similar notations.