Responsibility is a person’s awareness of his duties to someone or something. It can arise on the basis of two factors: it is assigned by a person independently or imposed by another person or group of persons. Responsibility has several definitions that depend on the scope of the term.
What is legally
Legal liability - this is a measure of punishment by state bodies of persons who violated the law of the Russian Federation. There are several types of legal liability :
- Disciplinary. Allows to prosecute people who have violated paragraphs of the Labor Code.
- Family It occurs due to non-compliance with any points of the Family Code. For example, failure to fulfill parental duties.
- Criminal Helps to prosecute those who violate the Criminal Code. This is one of the most serious responsibilities.
- Administrative It occurs due to violation of the rules of the Administrative Code.
- Material. Allows you to bring to justice the people who caused someone material damage or harm to health.
- Civil law. He comes for causing property damage to someone.
- Tax. Allows to prosecute persons who evade taxes.
- International He comes for violations of international norms and rules.
- Procedural. Applies to persons who violate the rules and rules of conduct during the trial.
- Constitutional and legal. Helps hold officials accountable. For example, deputies.
What liability can individuals be held
Not all types of liability discussed above may apply to individuals.
- Administrative
- Criminal
- Tax.
- Disciplinary.
- Civil law.
- Material.
These types of liability apply specifically to individuals.
Responsibility Applicable to Legal Entities
Legal entities have a different range of rights and obligations than physical ones.
The list of types of liability to which legal entities can be brought:
- Administrative
- Civil law.
Legal entities can be held liable only for the above types.
Criminal Code
The Criminal Code is a normative act that provides for all types and measures of punishment for committed criminal acts. This Criminal Code entered into force on January 1, 1997, replacing the obsolete, which was adopted back in the days of the RSFSR. State authorities periodically amend the Criminal Code. Over the past 10 years, more than 300 changes and 25 new laws have been introduced into the regulatory act.
Types of Offenses
Everyone can break the law, having a specific motive for this. Motives, in turn, can be varied. It may be a need for something, or psychological imbalance, revenge, or something else.
Offenses are different, and the punishment for them is also different. In order to understand this issue in more detail, it is worth distinguishing between concepts such as offense and misconduct.
An act is a socially dangerous act that does not have serious consequences.
An offense is an act that can cause significant harm to society, organization, an individual or health.
Consider the types of offenses:
- Administrative
- Tort.
- Disciplinary.
- Criminal
Administrative Offense and Punishment
An administrative offense can be expressed in the following acts: violation of the rules of the road, petty theft, non-fulfillment by parents of their duties, the use of smoking mixtures prohibited for use by the law of the Russian Federation, etc. Penalties for such acts can be various. From a fine to a restriction in any rights or administrative arrest.
Punishment for violation of the Administrative Code can be applied to both individuals and legal entities. Basically, this is a monetary fine, which can vary from a small amount to a fairly large one. The amount of the penalty depends on the offense committed.
The punishment for an administrative offense is determined by the court. But such violations are not always considered by the judiciary. Almost all public authorities can determine the punishment on their own, without going to court. This may be a bailiff service, police officers or traffic police.
At what age are brought to administrative responsibility? The punishment for committing such offenses applies to persons who have reached the age of sixteen. If the minor has not reached this age, then one of his legal representatives may become a person held administratively liable.
Civil Offense and Punishment
A state offense is the infliction of property or non-property damage to a person. Responsibility for violations related to the Civil Code of the Russian Federation comes from the age of eighteen.
The state body determining the punishment for a civil offense is a court. The punishment itself is determined depending on the amount of damage caused. At a cost of less than 30 thousand rubles, the offense is considered by a magistrate court, at a cost of more than 30 thousand - a court of general jurisdiction. Depending on the court’s decision , the penalty may be the payment of a penny, a fine, or an amount commensurate with the amount of damage. Punishment in the form of payment of not only material, but also moral damage is possible.
Disciplinary offense and liability for it
A disciplinary offense is a person’s non-fulfillment of official duties, violations during the work process, violations of the military regulations, etc.
Disciplinary liability begins at the age of fourteen. The punishment for the commission of a disciplinary offense is entitled to determine the administration of the enterprise where the person who committed the act works. Punishment can be different: a remark or reprimand, reprimand with entering in a private matter, a fine, deprivation of a bonus, dismissal or demotion.
Examples of disciplinary offenses:
- untimely departure from the workplace;
- failure to appear at the workplace;
- being late for work;
- failure to fulfill official duties;
- unlawful interference with the workflow.
What is a crime?
In order to find out what a criminal offense is and what is the punishment for committing such an act, it is worth considering the meaning of the term itself.
A crime is an offense that carries a danger to any person or society as a whole. This may be a property or non-property violation determined by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. Almost all penalties for committing a crime are related to imprisonment and detention.
Types of Crime
All offenses described in the Criminal Code, according to severity, are divided into four groups: especially grave, grave, moderate and light.
Particularly serious crimes are offenses provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, committed intentionally and punishable by imprisonment of five years. The maximum term for restricting freedom for committing a particularly grave act is life imprisonment.
Examples of particularly serious acts:
- rape;
- rape, resulting in the death of the victim;
- infliction of any harm resulting in the death of the victim;
- murder committed intentionally.
Grave crimes are offenses provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, which are committed intentionally. Such crimes can be planned in advance or committed with particular cruelty. The punishment for serious crimes is imprisonment for a term of five years.
Examples of such crimes:
- intentional harm to health, as a result of which the injured person has lost any organ;
- misappropriation of any other property: money, real estate, personal items, and so on;
- violation of safety rules in the process of driving.
A moderate crime is an offense provided for by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, committed through negligence or intentionally. Examples of such offenses include theft of someone else’s vehicle, theft or theft committed by a group of people, or causing moderate bodily harm. The punishment for such a crime is imprisonment for a term of three to five years. In judicial practice, such crimes are very difficult to prove. Litigation in such cases can be quite lengthy.
Minor crimes are offenses punishable by the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation in the form of imprisonment for a term not exceeding two years.
Examples of minor offenses:
- identity theft;
- hacking other people's sites (hacking);
- execution of transactions in the course of which one of the partners performs actions under the coercion of the other;
- slander - baseless accusations of anything.
How old is criminal responsibility
The Criminal Code is a set of articles that punish serious offenses. This document provides for the most severe penalties related to deprivation of liberty. Examples of criminal offenses include murders, violent acts, theft, fraud, and so on. A person prosecuted is usually detained under the Criminal Code. Criminal liability in the Russian Federation comes from the age of fourteen. Many people ask themselves: can a juvenile be prosecuted? They can, if at that time the offender was fourteen years old.
A person held accountable must necessarily be fourteen years old. There are colonies for minors in which such criminals serve their sentences. Can a person under this age be held accountable? Definitely not. Adolescents under the age of fourteen may not be prosecuted. Such crimes go unpunished. Of course, juvenile delinquents are brought under control by the relevant authorities.
A few words in conclusion
Based on the foregoing, it can be concluded that responsibility exists for every person, whether an adult or a child. Punishment for the commission of offenses shall be borne by each criminal in accordance with the law of the Russian Federation. Legal liability includes several types: administrative, disciplinary, civil, tax, constitutional, criminal. The punishment for violations may be different. It depends on the severity of the act committed. The punishment for offenses under the Criminal Code is usually the most severe. It is certainly associated with the deprivation or restriction of freedom of a person who has transgressed the law. The decision on the punishment for the commission of any act is taken by the state authorities. In the case of a criminal offense, only a court shall render a verdict. In any case, a violation of any code of the Russian Federation is an offense and involves prosecution.