Non-classical philosophy is a combination of various trends, schools, concepts that have arisen since the mid-19th century. This philosophy reflects all the radical changes in society that Western Europe underwent at that time. First of all, it is worth noting the French Revolution of 1789, which dealt the first blow to the minds of people. The civil war and terror made many thinkers of that time think about the possibilities of science and reason. Some philosophers, such as Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, began to talk about the doubtfulness of progress, the irrationality of history and the relativity of truth.
The 20th century was marked for man not only by great successes in science and art, but also by a whole series of revolutions, wars, the collapse of the colonial system, the formation and collapse of the socialist system and the emergence of a large number of global problems that cast doubt on the existence of the entire human race.
The war showed that knowledge of science can be used to the detriment of mankind, which also contributed to the rethinking of many spiritual values. There was a so-called revolution in the minds of people, which was facilitated by the emergence of computer technology and the media, as well as a huge leap in science. So non-classical philosophy was born.
All these processes were able to cause a departure from the classical perception of the world. Many scientists and thinkers have revised the problems of the meaning of human life, the attitude of man towards religion and death has changed. Philosophy began to change very quickly, there was a transition from old values to new ones. New problems and ways to solve them came first. The philosophy of rationalism fades into the background and is almost completely replaced. The thinkers of that time began to pay more attention to the existence of man himself and his freedom.
Non-classical philosophy is conditionally divided into several programs that are aimed at a complete rethinking of classical philosophy:
- A socially critical program focused primarily on changing society. These include such teachings as post-Marxism and Marxism.
- Philosophical irrationalism (irrational tradition). Supporters of this trend include such great thinkers as A. Schopenhauer, F. Nietzsche and S. Kierkegaard.
- The analytical program, which consists in the revision of scientific and rationalistic priorities and various values. This program includes such teachings as analytical philosophy, pragmatism, positivism, postpositivism.
- Existential Anthropological Program. It includes existentialism, psychoanalysis, phenomenology and hermeneutics.
The processes of the collapse of the classical model of philosophy took place against the background of cardinal changes in culture and society. Society is divided into 2 parts; one part is fighting for scientific and technological progress, and the other is opposing it. Thus, two societies are formed that perceive scientific and technological progress differently - scientism and anti-scientism.
Representatives of scientism regarded scientific progress as the highest value, and antiscientists saw in science the evil force that threatens all of humanity. Today, science is far from the only method of understanding the world, although it is considered the most important. That is why, probably, many philosophers are trying to re-understand the teachings of the East and find a secret meaning in primitive religions.
Modern non-classical philosophy is a completely new stage in the development of all mankind. With the advent of a new philosophy, new spiritual values and moral principles are formed.