The oculomotor muscles help to perform the coordinated movement of the eyeballs, and in parallel they provide a high-quality perception. In order to have a three-dimensional image of the surrounding world, it is necessary to constantly train muscle tissue. What exercises to perform, the specialist will tell you after a thorough examination. In any situation, self-therapy should be completely excluded.
general information
The muscles of the eye are of six types, with four of them straight and two oblique. They are so named because of the peculiarities of the course in the cavity (orbit) where they are located, and also because of attachment to the organ of vision. Their performance is under the control of nerve endings, which are located in the cranium, such as:
- Oculomotor.
- Discharge.
- Block.
The eye muscles have a large number of nerves, which are able to provide clarity, accuracy when moving the organs of vision.
Traffic
Thanks to these fibers, eyeballs can perform numerous movements, both unidirectional and multidirectional. Unidirectional include turning up, down, left, and others, and multidirectional - reducing the organs of vision to one point. Such movements help tissues to work harmoniously and present a person with the same image, due to his getting on the same part of the retina.
Muscles can provide the movement of both eyes, while performing the main function:
- Movement in the same direction. It is called verzionny.
- Movement in different directions. It is called vergent (convergence, divergence).
What are the structural features?
As mentioned earlier, the oculomotor muscles are:
- Direct. They have a direct focus.
- The oblique muscles have an uneven stroke and are attached to the organ of vision by the upper and lower tissue.
All of these ocular muscles begin from a dense connecting ring that surrounds the external opening of the optic canal. In this situation, the exception is the lower oblique. At the same time, all five muscle fibers form a funnel, which inside has nerves, including the main optic, as well as blood vessels.
If you go deeper, you will see how the oblique muscle deviates up and in, while creating a block. Also, in this area, the fibers transfer to the tendon, which is thrown through a special loop, and at the same time, its direction changes to oblique. Then it attaches to the upper outer quadrant of the organ of vision under the upper tissue of the direct type.
Features of the lower oblique and internal muscles
As for the lower oblique muscle, it originates at the inner edge, which is located below the orbit and extends to the external posterior border of the lower muscle of the rectus type. The oculomotor muscles, the closer to the apple, the more they are surrounded by a capsule of dense fiber, that is, a shadow shell, and then they attach to the sclera, but not at the same distance from the limbus.
The performance of most fibers is regulated by the oculomotor nerve. In this situation, the external rectus muscle is considered an exception, the abducent nerve is involved in its provision , and the superior oblique, which is provided by nerve impulses from the block nerve. The inner muscles of the eye are closest to the limb, and the upper straight and oblique are attached in the middle to the organ of vision.
The main feature of innervation - the branch of the motor nerve controls the performance of a small number of muscles, therefore, maximum accuracy is achieved when the human eyes move.
Structural features of the upper and lower straight and oblique muscles
The movement of the apple will depend on how the oculomotor muscles are attached. The inner and outer straight fibers are located horizontally relative to the plane of the organ of vision, so a person can move them horizontally. Also, these two muscles are engaged in providing vertical movement.
Now consider the structure of the oculomotor muscles of the oblique type. They are capable of provoking more complex actions during contraction. This can be associated with some feature of the location and attachment to the sclera. The oblique muscle tissue, which is located above, helps the organ of vision to lower and rotate outward, and the lower one to rise and also retract outward.
It is necessary to take into account one more nuance that affects the upper and lower straight, as well as oblique muscles - they have excellent regulation of nerve impulses, there is a coordinated work of the muscle tissue of the eyeball, while a person is able to perform complex movements in different directions. Therefore, people can see three-dimensional images, the image quality also increases, which then enters the brain.
Auxiliary muscles
In addition to the above fibers, other tissues that surround the palpebral fissure participate in the work and mobility of the eyeball. In this case, the most important is the circular muscle. It has a unique structure, which is represented by several parts - the orbital, lacrimal, and secular.
So abbreviation:
- the orbital part occurs due to the straightening of the transverse folds that are located in the frontal region, as well as by lowering the eyebrows and reducing the gap of the eyes;
- the secular part occurs by closing the gap of the eyes;
- the lacrimal part is carried out due to an increase in the lacrimal sac.
All these three sections of which the circular muscle consists are located around the eyeball. Their beginning is located directly near the medial angle on a bone basis. The innervation occurs due to a small branch of the facial nerve. It must be understood that any contraction or tension of the oculomotor muscles of any type occurs with the help of nerves.
Other auxiliary muscle tissue
Unitary, multi-unitary fabrics, which are of a smooth type, are also considered auxiliary fibers. Multi-unitary is the ciliary muscle and iris tissue. The unitary fiber is located near the lens, and the structure is able to provide accommodation. If you relax this muscle, you can transfer the image to the retina, and if it contracts, it leads to a significant protrusion of the lens, and objects that are closer can be viewed much better.
Functional Features
The function and anatomy of the oculomotor muscles are interconnected. Since the structure has already been given due attention, now we will analyze in more detail the function of this type of muscle tissue, without which a person will not be able to correctly perceive the world around him.
The main functional feature is the ability to provide full-fledged eye movement in different directions :
- Bringing to one point, that is, there is a movement, for example, to the nose. This feature is provided by the internal straight and optionally the upper lower straight muscle tissue.
- Lead, that is, movement to the temporal region occurs. This feature is provided by the outer straight, optionally upper and lower oblique muscle tissue.
- The upward movement is due to the correct functioning of the upper rectus and lower muscles of the oblique type.
- The downward movement is due to the proper functioning of the lower straight and upper oblique muscle tissue.
All movements are complex and interconnected.
Training exercises
In any situation, there may be a violation of eye movement, therefore, at the first manifestations of deviations, you should immediately contact a specialist who, after a thorough examination, will be able to prescribe an effective treatment. In most cases, diseases and pathologies of muscle tissue are removed surgically. To exclude any complications and interventions, continuous training of the oculomotor muscles should be carried out.
Examples
- Exercise 1 - for the external muscles . To relax not only muscle tissue, but also the eyes, you need to quickly blink for half a minute. Then rest and repeat the exercise. It helps after a working day and a long sitting at the computer.
- Exercise 2 - for the internal muscles. Before your eyes, at a distance of 0.3 m, you need to place your finger and look at it carefully for a few seconds. Then take turns to close your eyes, but continue to look at him. Then carefully look at your fingertip for 3-5 seconds.
- Exercise 3 - to strengthen the underlying tissues . The body and head should be motionless. Eyes need to move to the right, then to the left. Lead to the side should be maximum. Do the exercise at least 9-11 times.