Today, trucks are used in logistics. With their help, deliver various goods or provide various delivery services. Modern cars with high payload are equipped literally with the latest technology - this allows you to provide comfort as well as driver safety. However, during the Great Patriotic War, exploits were performed on trucks . They participated in the delivery of weapons, ammunition, food and water. What did it cost only food delivery to Blockade Leningrad. One of these is the legendary ZIS-5 truck. It will be discussed.
This car with a carrying capacity of 3 tons was the second most mass produced.
During the Second World War, he was one of the most massive. This model was made at the Stalin plant from 1933 to 1948.
Adjustment child
At the very beginning was the Otokar - this is an American, not very well-known and not very popular model that was assembled by AMO. It was very simple in design, and its cost was low, which was very important.
And in 1931, the Automobile Moscow Society successfully survived the modernization, and then at the facilities of the company began assembling the new AMO-2. A car was built on the basis of American components and parts. Then there were many more modifications. AMO-3 can be distinguished. This truck had a carrying capacity of 2.5 tons - and now in the year 33 it was again revised. Meanwhile, the plant was renamed, the new name - the Stalin Plant. ZIS-5 is built on the basis of AMO-3, but only on the domestic component base.
In the first batch there were only 10 copies. The assembly line was established at the end of 33 years without the production of an experimental car. The design was very simple, so there were no failures during assembly. The series managed to start the car in the shortest possible time.
The ZIS-5 truck received its popular name, and it was called only “three-ton”, due to its carrying capacity. The soldiers called the car respectfully - "Zakhar Ivanovich."
As for the design, it is no different from other models of the war years. This is a classic car industry. Leading engineers participated in the development , and work was carried out almost completely from scratch. The main emphasis that the engineers faced was increased maintainability and maximum simplicity. However, at the same time, it was necessary to improve the characteristics of patency and carrying capacity.
ZIS-5: device
The design was simple, if not primitive. The machine consisted of 4,500 parts.
They were mainly made of cast iron, steel and wood. It was possible to disassemble the car with a minimum of tools. The hardware and fasteners were in nine sizes, and it was impossible to break the thread on them. Only 29 bearings were used in the device.
But with all its simplicity, the ZIS-5 (car) was quite modern at that time. The set included an electric starter, a diaphragm type gas pump, a fuel tank under the driver's seat. Oil was changed after 1200 km, and not after 600, as on other models. Mileage without the need for major repairs was 70,000 km.
Continuous improvement
During the improvements, the engineers developed and implemented the new ZIS-5 engine in iron. AMO Z, and the “American” was equipped with a six-cylinder “Hercules”. He gave out 60 horses at 2000 rpm. For "Zakhar Ivanovich" this power was not enough.
Therefore, it was decided to increase the size of the cylinders. The result was successful - power increased to 76 liters. from. So, the “three-ton” became one of the most powerful trucks for that period of time.
The power unit has proven to be very reliable. He worked equally on any fuel. He could work effectively even on kerosene. When it was hot, it evaporated no worse than gasoline.
In winter, the unit started up, pouring a little gasoline into the cylinders. To do this, had to twist the spark plugs. Then the candles were returned back, and only after these manipulations did they turn the ignition knob. Needless to say, the unit started almost half a turn.
Transmission
The old checkpoint categorically refused to work with the new engine, so I had to urgently create a new design. So, it turned out a new gearbox in four gears, and not three, as it was on the previous model.
The gear ratio of this box was 6.6, and in the main gear this number was 6.4. This allowed the ZIS-5 to drag a trailer of 16 tons, while the engine speed was 1700 rpm, and the speed was 4.3 km / h.
The first gear was used only on the roads, or at maximum loads. By the way, the cross-country ZIS-5 was just excellent. Low speed engine, successful transmission, high clearance of 260 mm. A car could drive where others just got stuck.
The gears in the gearbox of the new design were connected to the countershaft not traditionally, but with the help of splines. This allows you to improve the alignment of the gears.
The previous model from Brown and Light had a simpler design. There gears were just planted on a square fell.
The unreliable propeller shaft, which was equipped with three joints and an intermediate support, was replaced with a simpler one. He was distinguished by two hinges. They were easier and cheaper to make.
Chassis
Many were convinced that the chassis in this truck was rather weak.
It was difficult for Rama to break, she did not bend. However, it could be very easily warped. For example, if one wheel fell on bumps.
Hard springs did no good. And such elasticity was obtained due to special heat treatment technology. The crossbars, as well as other details, were not connected to the side members using traditional welding, but were riveted. If repairs were carried out using welding machines, this greatly weakened him.
Cabin
During the war, the engineers faced the task of simplifying the design of the cabin as much as possible.
She began to be made of wood, as well as plywood. The wings were rolled by rolling, in the pre-war time they were stamped. The right headlight was dismantled. After the war, of course, the equipment was brought back to normal.
The road overview was not as good as on today's truck models, but there wasn’t much to choose at that time. About comfort, you can also not remember. To fit between the steering wheel and the driver's seat, you need to be very lightly dressed. There was no sound insulation in the car - in order to hear the interlocutor, it was necessary to scream.
The cabin was equipped with a ventilation system, but there was no stove. And if the glass froze, I had to use ventilation. However, the cabin was well ventilated naturally - there were many slots.
Brake system
There were no modern hydraulic brakes in the design. They were provided, but in wartime there was no necessary amount of brake fluid. Therefore, the truck could be braked by mechanical rear brakes. By the way, the truck was perfectly braked by the engine. As soon as the driver relaxes the pressure on the gas, or completely remove his leg from him, the car immediately slowed down. After the war, hydraulics were still installed.
Specifications
ZIS-5, a model of the 30s with a power unit volume of 5.5 liters, could give out power of 73 liters. s, then after completion - 76, and after the war - 85 liters. from. A four-speed gearbox allowed excellent traction control. The weight of the truck is 3100 kg, and the maximum speed that was achieved was 60 km / h. Fuel consumption could range from 30 to 33 liters per 100 kilometers.
Due to its design, the machine could easily pass fords up to 0.6 m in depth.
The maximum lift at full load is 15%. The fuel tank had a volume of 60 liters.
Soldier, hard worker, legend
In 41, an airstrike was made at the plant named after Stalin. It was ordered to completely remove the entire production. In the year 42, the issue was resumed again. These trucks performed a variety of functions in the rear and at the front. There were no buses yet, and 25 people could fit in the back of this car. They carried ammunition and various equipment. These vehicles brought Red Army soldiers to Berlin and back.
In Moscow, the truck was produced up to 48 years. The last batch was equipped with a new unit - ZIS-120. In total, about a million of these trucks were created in the Soviet Union .
This car is a rather modest hard worker with a very long and very confused fate. Today, these can no longer be found on the roads. They are preserved either in museums or in private collections. If you really want, then you can make a reduced model of the car ZIS-5. The drawings are in our article - this is a very exciting activity.
So, we found out the history and technical characteristics of the ZIS truck.