The basic laws of dialectics are what once long ago changed people's views on the problem of development. There are three of them, but they can explain a lot.
The fundamental laws of dialectics were substantiated by Immanuel Kant, a great thinker who made a significant contribution to philosophy. Let's talk about everything in order.
Basic laws and categories of dialectics
What is dialectics? This is a theory that talks about how the development of all things happens. Also, this term is used to refer to a method created on the basis of this theory.
This direction of philosophy reflects the development of spirit, matter, knowledge, consciousness and other things through:
- categories;
- principles;
- basic laws of dialectics.
The main problem in this case is the question of the essence of development. In general, it is customary to understand it as a change in ideal as well as material objects. This is not an ordinary mechanical change, but nothing more than self-development, which allows the object to go to a new level, to the highest degree of organization. Development is the highest form of movement, while movement is its foundation.
The basic laws of dialectics in philosophy are as follows:
1. The struggle, as well as the unity of opposites. Its essence lies in the fact that two opposing principles are the basis of everything. These principles are in constant conflict with each other. At the same time, their nature remains unified. Examples include day and night, heat and cold.
Their struggle becomes an internal source of energy, movement and development.
It is important to note that the struggle can take place in different ways. The point is that it can be beneficial to both sides at once, one of the sides always wins, and the second acts only as an irritant, the struggle can go on until the complete destruction of either side. Neutrality, solidarity, assistance, mutualism are also possible.
2. The transition of quantitative changes to qualitative changes . Here the whole point is that quality is a certain stable system of some characteristics that are identical to being. By quantity is meant the exhaustible parameters of phenomena or objects. Also introduced is the concept of measure, that is, the unity of quality and quantity. This law is based on the fact that when the quantity changes, the quality will certainly change. These changes are not eternal - sooner or later it will be possible to observe a change in measure. In other words, changes will occur in the coordinate system itself. The point of change is the node.
An example of such changes is as follows: the gradual heating of water leads to an increase in its temperature. One hundred degrees Celsius is a knot. After reaching this mark, the water will begin to evaporate. It is established that changes under this law occur abruptly or completely imperceptibly. An example of the latter is evolutionary development.
3. Denial of negation. The bottom line is that the new exists only until it becomes old and is replaced by something newer, which will exist until it itself turns into the old. An example is the change of historical formations, the change of tastes and trends in culture, the evolution of the genus.
This law is based on the fact that development proceeds in a spiral, and not in a line, that is, it repeats the same thing, but at different levels. It is important to understand that development can be both downward and upward.
These are all the basic laws of dialectics. Its categories are as follows:
- content and form;
- universal, singular, special;
- reality and opportunity;
- phenomenon and essence;
- randomness and necessity;
- consequence and reason.
Note that the category refers to the fundamental concepts that are used to solve specific problems.