In the 1940s, the Soviet leadership approved a plan for the development and restoration of the national economy. According to him, significant changes have affected the agricultural sector. In order to improve pest control and public health services, air lines were intensively developed. This was the reason for the appearance of one of the lightest aircraft at that time. We are talking about such an aircraft as the Yak-12.
History of creation
The Yak-12 aircraft is a multi-purpose transport machine designed in the design bureau under the guidance of A. S. Yakovlev. After successful tests in 1946, the aviation creation began to be mass-produced. But during one of the tests, the pilot was unable to land the aircraft on the site allotted personally by I.V. Stalin, and serial production of this aircraft model was discontinued. Despite the fact that the design of the Yak-12 aircraft among the remaining aircraft of that time was one of the best and the error was on the part of the pilot, serial production resumed only after the death of the leader.
Aircraft design
Initially, the aircraft was designed for the air force as a two-seater, capable of performing sanitary and communications tasks. The Yak-12 was a mixed construction: welded chrome-force pipes were used to produce the base of the fuselage. From duralumin, frameworks of two-spar wings, tail units and ailerons were made. The wings themselves and the tail were sheathed by canvas. Duralumin was used for sheathing the bow. Wood has become the basis for the production of formwork battens. The sanitary aircraft was equipped with a fixed duralumin fender. To reduce the resistance in the chassis belonging to the pyramidal type, a special tape was mounted - a guy line.
The cabin of the aircraft belonged to the automobile type and accommodated up to four people. If necessary, stretchers for transporting the wounded were installed in its right side. The very first Yak-12 aircraft were equipped with an M-11FR engine of 160 liters. from. and with cooling. Over time, the design of the aircraft replaced the tree with duralumin.
Destination
The Yak-12 aircraft was widely used in agriculture. Using this machine, plants were fertilized with fertilizers, sowing, pollination of fields and plantings. She could also act as an ambulance. The Yak-12 aircraft was used as a postal carrier and a towing vehicle. As a passenger transporter, this aircraft was ideal on minor lines. The car was designed for two passengers and is able to withstand loads not exceeding 350 kilograms. In flight schools, the Yak-12 aircraft was also used for parachuting.
The device and the design of this aircraft multi-purpose machine were characterized by simplicity and unpretentiousness in use, the presence of radio stations and instruments that allow flights both at night and in adverse weather conditions. In addition to the Soviet Union, the aircraft was used in China and Poland, in which it was manufactured as the PZL-101 Gawron.
Description
The Yak-12 of 1947 is a strut wing using the M-11FR engine. The design of the aircraft may have a two- or three-seater cabin. Initially, the Yak-12 was designed as a double. The wing struts are V-shaped and converge in a node for mounting the chassis. Due to the presence of a fixed duralumin slat, a significant angle of attack is not dangerous. Improved pyramidal chassis (tested on the Yak-10) contain a special tape-guy, which stretches from each wheel to the rubber shock absorber.
The braking function is carried out by the main wheels with a size of 6 x 18 cm and tail 20 x 11 cm. Skis can be attached to them. Management contains cable wiring. Slats located on the wing significantly improve landing properties and have a positive effect on safety during flight.
Aircraft Yak-12: technical specifications
- Length - 8.36 m.
- Height - 3.76 m.
- Wingspan - 12 m.
- The wing area is 21.60 m 2 .
- The weight of the aircraft is 830 kg.
- Allowable weight (the one that can be lifted) was 1450 kg.
- Engines - 1PD M-11FR.
- The maximum speed is 194 km / h.
- Cruising speed - 169 km / h.
- Landing speed - 90 km / h.
- Thrust - 1x160 kN.
- The aircraft is designed for 4 hours of flight.
- Flight range - 760 km.
Modifications Yak-12
The model of the aircraft is characterized by ease of control, due to which it can be used in aviation schools as a simulator. In addition to training, it is able to perform other tasks depending on the modification:
- The Yak-12B is considered the only instance with a UVP up to 35 meters of take-off distance. The design is equipped with an AI-14RF engine, whose power is 300 liters. from.
- Yak-12S - aircraft ambulance for transporting one wounded.
- Yak-12SX - version of the aircraft for agricultural purposes. It performs pollination of green spaces and spraying pesticides. The design is equipped with a special tank located under the fuselage.
- Yak-12R - aircraft for the air force. Function - communication. The design is equipped with a powerful AI-14R engine (260 hp). The tail section is equipped with a coulter - a special brake hook, which, lowering while landing on the primer, reduces its mileage.
Improvement work
The very first option is considered to be the aircraft structure of the Yak-12. The aircraft model in modification A has undergone changes over time:
- The wings acquired a trapezoidal shape and began to be equipped with slats containing one strut each.
- Fuel tank: increase in size.
- Chassis: reinforcement.
- The helm has become horn-shaped.
- Cockpit. Glazing of the frontal and lateral parts improved visibility. A significant improvement in cab comfort was due to the use of soft seat upholstery. The permissible weight that the Yak-12A could lift was 1588 kg. Due to wing changes in the aircraft, aerodynamics have improved significantly, speed increased by 30 km / h and flight range.
Further improvements
They touched the rear of the fuselage and the length of the car.
- Yak-12M increased to 9 meters.
- Forkil was introduced into the structure and the coulter was eliminated.
- The landing gear, fuselage and front wing strut are reinforced.
- Hydraulic shock absorption replaced rubber.
- The cabin in the modified Yak-12 is designed for three passengers.
Why were the changes made?
Due to changes, this aircraft was adapted:
- For agricultural work. Within two hours, the necessary equipment can be installed in the design of the machine.
- To perform sanitary tasks. There was enough space to accommodate, except for two pilots, another doctor and a wounded man.
- To carry out skydiving training. A footrest specially installed on the starboard side facilitated this task.
Airplane for the Soviet Air Force
The Yak-12R was operated by the Soviet Air Force as a communications and vehicle. For this purpose, the model was equipped with a powerful AI-14R engine (260 hp), as well as a screw VISH-539L-11. The wood paneling was replaced with duralumin. In order to reduce the path length on unpaved terrain to 50 meters, the brake coulter, which was previously located in front of the wheel in the rear, was removed in the Yak-12P. The cabin was designed for three passengers. The weight of the aircraft reached 912 kg.
Training option
In early 1959, Soviet designers began to develop a Yak-12 UT airplane simulator. Its purpose was to train military pilots to land on instruments. For this, the cabin was equipped with:
- The second set, which allows both to start the engine of the Yak-12 UT, and to perform manual and foot control.
- Radio compass ARK-5.
- A simplified set of equipment OSP-48, with which a blind landing was made.
- Marker receiver MPP-48.
- Radio altimeter RV-2.
- Generator GSK-1500. With its help, equipment was powered.
Test
In 1950, the Yak-12 UT was tested at the NIIIVVS GC and recommended for flight schools of the air force as an effective simulator for training flight personnel. At the same time, the disadvantages were identified:
- 1700 revolutions of the blades per minute testified to the weak power of the GSK-1500 wind generator.
- The antenna used was not powerful enough - the receiver worked only at an altitude of no higher than 1850 meters.
- The range of the compass was 160 km. This was not enough, since the commission put forward requirements of at least 180 meters.
After testing in June, a second one was scheduled in October of that year. After improvements, the Yak-12 UT was equipped with:
- VD-5 wind turbine, which was characterized by a change in the course of the flight of the pitch of the blades;
- The installed T-shaped antenna worked effectively at any height.
In 1952, this aircraft successfully passed new tests. Nevertheless, nowhere in the documents does he appear as the Yak-12 UT.
Aircraft Sanitary Pattern
1948 Yak-12S is considered a sanitary version of the aircraft from this series. The design of this aircraft was adapted to transport one patient. On the left side of the side were stretchers. No other changes were made to the Yak-12. An empty aircraft weighed 852 kg and can withstand loads of up to 380 kg. It included the weight of special equipment, which was 22 kg. The Yak-12S transported a medical load of up to 175 kg and in its parameters was better than the U-2S.
DIY a plane
Having the necessary material, you can make a homemade Yak-12 aircraft from the ceiling (ceiling tiles from extruded polystyrene foam). With the right tools and spare parts, this task is not difficult to cope with.
Materials, inventory and spare parts
For work, the following materials are needed:
- 0.5 cm thick ceiling;
- special glue for ceiling tiles;
- 10 ml syringe;
- multi-colored tape;
- wire with a diameter of 0.1 cm;
- sheets of paper A4.
Tools required:
- a flat board, which is convenient to work on;
- stationery knife;
- meter line;
- emery.
Spare parts:
- electric motor not less than 1100 revolutions;
- one 12 volt battery;
- one propeller.
Start. Work with drawings
Before you begin, you need to have an idea of how radio-controlled aircraft Yak-12 should look. To do this, it is recommended to get the necessary drawings. The drawings printed on the printer should be given serial numbers for convenience. After that, they are laid out in accordance with the numbers on a flat surface.
Production of parts for the product
Based on the available drawings, you can start cutting the necessary parts. It is good if the part has a large number of straight lines. In this case, it is considered simple.
To work with such a drawing, you need a needle. Using it, punctures outline all available angles. Then, according to the ruler, attached from one puncture to another, paper cuts are made with the help of a clerical knife . They are performed sequentially until a part of the future aircraft is completely ready for gluing from the drawing . When gluing them, it is important to ensure that the dimensions and geometry of the future model are not violated.
On each sheet, the appearance of excess areas that need to be cut is possible. As a result, all fragments of the structure should fit perfectly together. Only then can they be glued with a syringe.
Assembly
- When assembling the product, it is important to ensure that the laminated side is on the outside.
- An important aspect is the observance of the dimensions of the cut parts with the dimensions that the battery has - it can be larger than planned in the drawing. It is recommended that measurements be taken using a ruler beforehand.
- For strong bonding, it is advisable to use clothespins, weights or a vice.
- To form the required bend, rolling on a pipe can be used.
- After this, gluing of all parts of the Yak-12 in contact with each other is performed. A radio-controlled model of an aircraft, the flight of which is often associated with crashes, needs to be strengthened.
- To reinforce the manufactured product will help reinforcing with tape.
- Rigid wire is recommended for mounting servos.
- The motor mount on which the motor is mounted must be made of thin plywood. It is very convenient to fasten the fixing screws to it.
- In the absence of a piece of plywood, you can also use plastic, aluminum or foam. The main thing is that the material is light. It is desirable that the weight of the manufactured model does not exceed 600 grams.
- It is recommended to start the product with one throw from the hand.
- Landing for starters should be made belly of the aircraft on a soft surface. To do this, it is not necessary to mount the wheels on the structure.
The cost of a Ford Focus or Pegout 3008 is equal to the price of such an aviation creation as the Yak-12. The photo below presents the features of its external design. But it should be recalled that the modifications were different.
Nowadays, the Yak-12 aircraft is considered a rarity. It can be found among collectors of aircraft.