Objective idealism is the direction of philosophical thought, whose representatives considered the individual spiritual principle to be the primary principle of the world. Different schools called different reasons for the formation of life on the planet - theologians believed in God, Hegel mentioned absolute spirit, and Schopenhauer - world will. The first representatives of this direction were the ancient scholars Plato and Pythagoras, and in the teachings of all their followers there is recognition of the world and matter as real elements that are subject to specific ideal principles.
History
Initially, before the development of philosophical thought in this direction by ancient scholars, objective idealism is manifested in the ancient Indian religious and artistic book “Upanishad”. It describes the material world as a veil of the great Mayans, hiding the true reality of the manifestation of the divine principle. In its finished expression, this doctrine was first described in the philosophical works of Plato, and during the Middle Ages idealism was replaced by scholastic realism. In modern times , G. Hegel, F.V. Schelling and G.V. Leibniz dealt with this issue.
Hegel’s teachings
Objective idealism in the XVIII-XIX centuries was already significantly different from the ancient teachings, and this direction occupied a special place in Hegel's philosophy. So, he recognizes the spirit as the primary one, which appeared even before the emergence of the material world, but calls it not God, but "an absolute idea." In the book "Philosophy of Nature" his idealistic views are manifested quite clearly, since the material world is called secondary, derived from and dependent on the original spirit. The scientist was engaged in studies of social life, which is also influenced by the divine idea, which originated before the advent of mankind.
Basically, Hegel's objective idealism concentrates on the concept of “absolute spirit”, which is considered by scientists in development and movement. Dialectics in the teachings of the philosopher is sharply opposed to metaphysics, but the following three points are the cornerstone of his teachings. Firstly, he believed that quantity under certain conditions could develop into quality. Secondly, objective idealism in the works of a scientist considers contradiction as the main source of development. Thirdly, Hegel did not accept denial as such, and believed that it was impossible to be sure of any issue for sure.
However, the universal laws of development occupy a special place, and the dialectic lies in the contradictions inherent in phenomena, and such a concept first appeared in philosophical science . Hegel opposed metaphysicists who absolutized analysis, and also expressed the idea of the interconnection of concepts with each other. The dialectical method and the metaphysical system are sharply opposed to each other, since the scientist recognizes the movement forward, the change in objective reality and the movement of the world towards something new.
Schelling's doctrine
Schelling's objective idealism concerned the development of a philosophy of nature, which is becoming an independent subject of analysis. He concentrated on a detailed study of the dynamic process, since the period of his activity coincided with the era of the most important discoveries in the field of physiology, physics, chemistry, electrodynamics. Objective idealism was fully manifested in Schelling's view, since he spiritualized matter itself. The scientist was not limited to the views on the naturalness of the development of the surrounding world, but was looking for real dynamic opposites in the studied object. The philosopher argued that the world could be known through reason, which led to the appearance of logical thinking in humans.